Indus Civilisation

The Indus civilisation was an ancient civilisation that flourished during the third millennium encompassing the Nile valley and the lands from the Mediterranean Sea east across the Iranian plateau to the greater Indus region. Primarily centred in modern day Pakistan, in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, and India, in Gujarat and Rajasthan, its remains have also been excavated from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. Historically part of Ancient India, it is one of the world’s three earliest urban civilisations along with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. This essay will trace the rise and fall of this civilisation, highlighting the economic, architectural and intellectual components of this great manifestation, and showing the relationship between the Indus civilisation and the other cultures of its time. The Indus civilisation also known as the Harappan Civilisation can be categorised in three different phases based on different eras namely, the beginning of the Indus civilisation or early Harappan, the Mature Harappan or the technological era, and the transformation of Indus Civilisation or the Late Harappan.

Geography:

The Indus civilisation covered an area of approximately one million square kilometres. The western most Indus site is sutkagen-dor, near the modern border separating Pakistan and Iran. The principal regions are the Baluchistan and the northwest frontier, the mountainous eastern end of the Iranian plateau. The plain of the Indus valley, the Pakistani and Indian pun jabs, Haryana and ganga-yamuna doab are included. The northern and western tracks of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan were occupied by the Indus people, as were the sandy north Gujarat plains, Kutch, and the hilly savanna of saurashtra.

Rainfall for the western domain came from the winter westerly’s, which brought snow to the mountains of Baluchistan and the northwest frontier and rain to the Punjab and north-western India. The summer rain of the south west monsoon brought moisture