Great Depression
Great Depression within the Context of Stability and Role of IMF
1. Introduction: Rising Waves of Globalization and Economic Crises
Globalization is a multidimensional process. Relatively speaking, economic globalization is the integration of national economies into the international economy in order to constitute a unique global market. In this thesis, the role of WTO in the economic globalization process after 1950 and its place in contemporary economic system are studied. GATT, having an institutional and legal framework, is a macro organization which has been established after the Second World War for liberalization of world trade system. GATT has been transformed to WTO in 1995 (O 'Rourke and Williamson, 2002). The functions of the WTO are the same with the GATT but have a stronger legal status. Although some serious problems within the WTO system, this positive impact have been still lasting. As for the relationship of these matters, we see that international systems stability is affected by the operations of international organizations such as IMF or World Bank. So, there is a clear link between emergence of crises and the measures taken to mediate and stabilize these possible crises. After taking all of these steps, it is vital to link antecedents of crises to their control and stabilization mechanisms (Mitchener, 2005).
2. Great Depression: Antecedents and the Context Factors
1873 Long Depression (Panic of 1873) was the first ever crises experienced before the Great Depression. Although literature refers The Great Depression of 1929 as the first international crisis, Long Depression was a deeper economic crisis embracing the world and during the depression no country could loan the others. Since The Great Depression world countries has faced many economic crisis. As a consequence of the globalization and interdependence, all countries felt the crises more or less (Calomiris and Mason, 2003). Contagious effects of the crises particularly following
1. Introduction: Rising Waves of Globalization and Economic Crises
Globalization is a multidimensional process. Relatively speaking, economic globalization is the integration of national economies into the international economy in order to constitute a unique global market. In this thesis, the role of WTO in the economic globalization process after 1950 and its place in contemporary economic system are studied. GATT, having an institutional and legal framework, is a macro organization which has been established after the Second World War for liberalization of world trade system. GATT has been transformed to WTO in 1995 (O 'Rourke and Williamson, 2002). The functions of the WTO are the same with the GATT but have a stronger legal status. Although some serious problems within the WTO system, this positive impact have been still lasting. As for the relationship of these matters, we see that international systems stability is affected by the operations of international organizations such as IMF or World Bank. So, there is a clear link between emergence of crises and the measures taken to mediate and stabilize these possible crises. After taking all of these steps, it is vital to link antecedents of crises to their control and stabilization mechanisms (Mitchener, 2005).
2. Great Depression: Antecedents and the Context Factors
1873 Long Depression (Panic of 1873) was the first ever crises experienced before the Great Depression. Although literature refers The Great Depression of 1929 as the first international crisis, Long Depression was a deeper economic crisis embracing the world and during the depression no country could loan the others. Since The Great Depression world countries has faced many economic crisis. As a consequence of the globalization and interdependence, all countries felt the crises more or less (Calomiris and Mason, 2003). Contagious effects of the crises particularly following
References: Bernanke, B. and K. Carey (1996). "Nominal Wage Stickiness and Aggegate Supply in the Great Depression." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 111(3): 853-883. Bernanke, B. and H. James (1991). The Gold Standard, Deflation, and Financial Crisis in the Great Depression: An International Comparison Financial Markets and Financial Crisis. R. G. Hubbard, University of Chicago Press: 33-68. Calomiris, C. W. (1993). "Financial Factors in the Great Depression." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(2): 61-85. Calomiris, C. W. and J. R. Mason (1997). "Contagion and Bank Failures during the Great Depression: The June 1932 Chicago Banking Panic." The American Economic Review 87(5): 863-883. Calomiris, C. W. and J. R. Mason (2003). "Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression." The American Economic Review 93(3): 937-947. Calomiris, C. W. and J. R. Mason (2003). "Fundamentals, Panics, and Bank Distress during the Depression." The American Economic Review 93(5): 1615-1647. Hatton, T., J. and J. G. Williamson (1994). "What Drove the Mass Migration from Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century?" Population and Development Review 20(3): 533-559. O 'Rourke, K. H. and J. G. Williamson (2002). "When Did Globalization Begin?" European Review of Economic History 6: 23-50. Mitchener, K. J. (2005). "Bank Supervision, Regulation, and Instability during the Great Depression." The Journal of Economic History 65(1): 152-185. White, E. N. (1986). "Before the Glass-Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment Banking Activities of National Banks." Explorations in Economic History 23: 33-55.