Government Comparisons

| Developer Type | Executive: Head of Govt.(Head of State) | Executive Selection Method | Legislature: Lower House (Upper House) | Electoral System (Lower House) | Other Institutions/Players | Key Interest Groups | Political Parties | Political Culture | Britain | Early | PM (Monarch) | PM: Appt. by H. of Commons | H. of Commons (H. of Lords) | Single-member district (1MD) FPTP | Whitehall, regions, London, traditional establishment (Church, military, old universities), ethnic minorities | Big business, big labor | Conservative, Labour, LDP, regional parties | Traditionalism, Gradualism, Negotiation and Compromise, Mutual obligation/responsibility, limited multi-culturalism | France | Early | Premier (President) | PM: Appt. by Pres., Pres.: direct election | National Assembly (Senate) | 1MD w/run-off | Grand corps (ministries), Grandes Ecoles (elite universities) | | The Left, the Right, the ultra-Right (National Front) | Ancien regime, the Revolution, Bonapartist synthesis, traditional (boutique) economy, strong centralized state | Germany | Middle | Chancellor (President) | Chancellor: appt. by Bundesrat, President: appt. by lander and Legislature | Bundesrat (Bundestag) | Hybrid 1MD FPTP and PR w/ 5% threshold | | Lander, (corporatism) bureaucracy, big business, big labor, farmers | CDU/CDP, SDP, FDP, the Left, Greens | Conservative values, bureaucratic control, state-led development, nationalism, subordinate middle class | Japan | Middle | PM (Emperor) | PM: appt by Diet | The Diet: H. of Representatives (H. of Councilors) | Hybrid 1MD FPTP and MMD PR | Note: Japan Economic Model (MITI/METI), Informal links of Iron Triangle | Keiretsu, big business (Iron Triangle w/ elected politicians) | LDP, Democratic Party | Isolation and Emulation vs. Outside Emulation and Internal Innovation, Conservatism, Harmony, Collective Identity, Hierarchy, Strong state – weak society | Russia | Late | PM (President) | Direct popular election | Duma (Federation Council)