Eukaryotic Genomes

Functionally, eukaryotic genomes can be described as much larger and more complex than prokaryotic genomes. This means regulation is a lot more demanding and intensive within the eukaryotic genome. Due to its complex nature, eukaryotic gene regulation can bring genetic changes in its product that affect gene expression, phenotypic outlook, and advances in biotechnology. This can be thought of as an evolutionary advantage to organisms in an unstable environment.
Gene regulation in eukaryotes is a complicated process compared to prokaryotes. For example, 85% of the DNA is transcribed or translated in prokaryotes, while only 20% in eukaryotes. This reveals that transcription alone does not account for gene expression due to the complexity of eukaryotes.
Advances in the medical field have been achieved through haplotype maps which are used to identify disease, these maps are based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are genetic markers that determine percentage of ethnicity and overall ancestry. Determining this can help reveal genetic components within an organism, and can aid in fending off disease. For example, African-Americans have fewer genetic components for resistance to malarial infection than that of African-only descendants. This is due to the environmental differences both experience and how each has evolved based on this. Those of African-only descendants live in a region where malaria is present, and therefore have to cope with it. They are also more likely to mate with other Africans, who also possess the genetic components for resistance. African-Americans do not live in a region where malaria is present, and therefore have no immediate need for resistance to the infection. They are also likely to reproduce with non-African partners that do not have genetic components for resistance to the disease. This results in the offspring having fewer genetic components for resistance than the offspring of the African-only
This helps analyze the SNPs to determine which alleles correspond with a certain disease.
DNA fingerprinting is a method to identify individuals by their DNA; a common technique of this is short tandem repeats (STRs). By identifying the individual, genetic variation is examined to determine the effects of a particular drug. For example, one individual may respond to a drug, but this doesn’t necessarily mean another individual will respond in the same way. That person may not respond at all because they don’t have the gene that codes for the specific enzyme. Examining the genome will reveal how a person will respond to a specific drug; this study is known as pharmacogenomics.
By using these gene predicting programs, scanning individual genomes reveals correlations between SNPs and complex diseases. This helps the creation of personalized drugs by use of an organisms genomes. Through research of genes, experiments can be conducted to control and combine genes of different compatibilities within the cell. This evolutionary technique will bring upon advances in