Essay On Atrial Tachycardia

ECG criteria of multifocal atrial tachycardia
Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
Discrete P waves with at least three different morphologies (including the normal sinus P wave).
P waves which are separated by isoelectric intervals.
P-P intervals, P-R duration, and R-R intervals which vary.
The best initial treatment for multifocal atrial tachycardia is treatment of the underlying cause and correction of electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia).
Acute COPD exacerbation is treated by the following measures:
Oxygen therapy
Antibiotics (e.g., quinolones) if there are manifestations of bacterial infection (e.g., high fever)
Short-acting bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol and/or ipratropium)
Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone)
If respiratory insufficiency, invasive or non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation

Additional medical therapy for multifocal atrial tachycardia is indicated only if the patient develops rapid ventricular response that causes or worsens myocardial ischemia, heart failure, peripheral perfusion, or oxygenation. Options include;
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil or diltiazem (for patient with severe bronchospasm). Choice A
Or, Beta blockers,
Atrial flutter arises from an extremely irritable automaticity focus in the atria, producing identical or " flutter" waves which have a "sawtooth" appearance on ECG. Manifestations, rate-control medications, and anticoagulation strategies are similar to those used for atrial fibrillation. Risk factors for atrial flutter include increasing age, valvular dysfunction, atrial septal defects, atrial scarring, atrial dilation, recent cardiac or thoracic procedures, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, COPD, or pneumonia. ECG criteria of atrial flutter are illustrated in this