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Durkheim, Emile: Tipat E Solidaritetit Shoqëror Dhe Ndarja E Punës

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Durkheim, Emile: Tipat E Solidaritetit Shoqëror Dhe Ndarja E Punës
Durkheim, Emile: Tipat e solidaritetit shoqëror dhe ndarja e punës

Në tezën e tij të doktoraturës De la division du travail social (1893; Ndarja e punës në shoqëri), Durkheim shkruan se çështja kryesore e veprës është pikërisht raporti i individit ndaj shoqërisë. Këtë ai e bën të dijshme edhe në tezën tjetër Le Suicide (1897; Vetëvrasja) ku argumenton se individi është ngushtë i integruar në kulturën e tij; aty na del se, vendimi i dukshëm individual që të hiqet dorë nga jeta mund të shpjegohet nëpërmjet forcave shoqërore.

Interesimi për konceptin e integrimit, përfshirjen e individëve në rregullin shoqëror, e përcolli Durkheim-in gjatë tërë jetës së tij. Integrimi (apo solidariteti shoqëror) është i rëndësishëm për ruajtjen e baraspeshës shoqërore. Durkheim e shihte evolucionin shoqëror si një lëvizje nga solidariteti mekanik i shoqërive fisnore në solidaritetin organik karakteristik për shoqëritë industriale. Ai argumentonte se shoqëritë primitive karakterizohen nga një vetëdije e fuqishme kolektive, të cilën ai e definoi si ‘tërësi e besimeve dhe ndjenjave të përbashkëta të qytetarëve mesatar të së njëjtës shoqëri’. Me rritjen e ndarjes së punës, rritet edhe individualizmi.

Kjo pjesë e punës së Durkheim-it bazohet në tipologjinë gemeinschaft-gesellschaft të dhënë nga Ferdinand Toennie (1855-1963). (Tipologjia është analizë e bazuar në tipe). Toennie ishte i interesuar të krahasojë komunitetet primitive (gemeinschaft) me shoqëritë moderne industriale (gesellschaft). Komuniteti (gemeinschaft) karakterizohet nga dominimi i lidhjeve të ngushta personale apo familjare; shoqëria (gesellschaft) karakterizohet me dominim të lidhjeve më shumë jopersonale apo lidhjeve praktike.

Durkheim-i, duke ndjekur Toennie-n, analizoi tipet e solidaritetit në shoqëritë primitive dhe moderne. Ai të parën e quajti ‘solidaritet mekanik’ (në të cilën vetëdija kolektive është e fortë) dhe të dytën ‘solidaritet organik’ (në të cilën vetëdija kolektive është e dobët dhe i detyrohet

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