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Affirmative action
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For the history and implementation of affirmative action in the U.S., see Affirmative action in the United States.
Affirmative action, known as positive discrimination in the United Kingdom, refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or national origin"[1] into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group "in areas of employment, education, and business".[2]
Contents
• 1 Origins
• 2 Purpose
• 3 Quotas
• 4 United Nations position
• 5 National approaches o 5.1 The Americas
 5.1.1 Brazil
 5.1.2 Canada
 5.1.3 United States o 5.2 Asia
 5.2.1 Israel
 5.2.2 India
 5.2.3 Sri Lanka
 5.2.4 Japan
 5.2.5 People 's Republic of China
 5.2.6 South Korea
 5.2.7 Malaysia o 5.3 Oceania
 5.3.1 New Zealand o 5.4 Europe
 5.4.1 Finland
 5.4.2 France
 5.4.3 Germany
 5.4.4 Norway
 5.4.5 Macedonia
 5.4.6 Romania
 5.4.7 Slovakia
 5.4.8 Sweden
 5.4.9 United Kingdom o 5.5 Africa
 5.5.1 South Africa
 5.5.2 Apartheid
 5.5.3 Post-apartheid Employment Equity
 5.5.4 Affirmative Action Purpose
 5.5.5 Outcomes
• 6 Alternative views
• 7 Debate o 7.1 Polls o 7.2 Support o 7.3 Opposition
• 8 Mismatching
• 9 See also
• 10 Notes
• 11 References
• 12 Further reading
• 13 External links

Origins
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in Executive Order 10925 and was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961; it was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson enacted Executive Order 11246 which required government employers to take "affirmative action" to hire without regard to race, religion and national origin. In 1967, gender was added to the anti-discrimination list.[3] Comparable procedures in other countries are also known as reservation in India, positive discrimination in the

References: • Golland, David Hamilton, "Constructing Affirmative Action: Federal Contract Compliance and the Building Construction Trades, 1956–1973" (PhD dissertation City University of New York, 2008). Order No. DA3325474. • Oliver B. Pollak, "Antisemitism, the Harvard Plan, and the Roots of Reverse Discrimination," Jewish Social Studies 41, no. 2 (1983): 113–22.