Direct Seeding Literature Review
Introduction:
The world’s total forest area is just over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an average of 0.6 ha per capita (Figure 1). The five most forest-rich countries (the Russian
Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) account for more than half of the total forest area.
Deforestation – mainly the conversion of tropical forest to agricultural land – shows signs of decreasing in several countries. Around 13 million hectares of forest were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year in the last decade.
At a regional level, South America suffered the largest net loss of forests between 2000 and 2010 – about 4.0 million hectares per year – followed by Africa, which lost3.4 million hectares annually (Figure 5). Oceania also reported a net loss of forest (about
700 000 ha per year over the period 2000–2010), mainly due to large losses of forests in
Australia, where severe drought and forest fires have exacerbated the loss of forest since
2000. Asia, which had a net loss of forest of some 600 000 ha annually in the 1990s.
Need of Forest Restoration: Within the last ten years, tropical rainforests have been destroyed at an annual rate of 0.8% of area (Whitemore, 1997). So this things brings to human being to think about the forest restoration. Forest restoration is defined as “actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of climax forest”
Various forest restoration methods have been developed, for instance, the accelerated natural regeneration ( ANR) (Jansen and Pfeifer , 1989), The Framework Species method(Goosem & Tucker, 1995) and The Maximum Species Diversity method.
The ANR method is Effective where natural regeneration is already underway. Eliminates nursery and tree planting costs. Relatively cheap – Capitalizes on “free” ecological services US$ 1,400/ha.
The Framework
The world’s total forest area is just over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an average of 0.6 ha per capita (Figure 1). The five most forest-rich countries (the Russian
Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) account for more than half of the total forest area.
Deforestation – mainly the conversion of tropical forest to agricultural land – shows signs of decreasing in several countries. Around 13 million hectares of forest were converted to other uses or lost through natural causes each year in the last decade.
At a regional level, South America suffered the largest net loss of forests between 2000 and 2010 – about 4.0 million hectares per year – followed by Africa, which lost3.4 million hectares annually (Figure 5). Oceania also reported a net loss of forest (about
700 000 ha per year over the period 2000–2010), mainly due to large losses of forests in
Australia, where severe drought and forest fires have exacerbated the loss of forest since
2000. Asia, which had a net loss of forest of some 600 000 ha annually in the 1990s.
Need of Forest Restoration: Within the last ten years, tropical rainforests have been destroyed at an annual rate of 0.8% of area (Whitemore, 1997). So this things brings to human being to think about the forest restoration. Forest restoration is defined as “actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of climax forest”
Various forest restoration methods have been developed, for instance, the accelerated natural regeneration ( ANR) (Jansen and Pfeifer , 1989), The Framework Species method(Goosem & Tucker, 1995) and The Maximum Species Diversity method.
The ANR method is Effective where natural regeneration is already underway. Eliminates nursery and tree planting costs. Relatively cheap – Capitalizes on “free” ecological services US$ 1,400/ha.
The Framework
References: Appelroth, S.E. (1975). Work study aspects of planting and direct seeding in forestry. In Symposium Stand Establishment; Proceedings, p. 202-269. Engel, V. L. and J. Parrotta, 2001. An evaluation of direct seeding for reforestation of degraded lands in central Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Forest Ecology an Management 152:169-181. Hardwick K (1999) Tree colonization of abandoned agricultural clearings in seasonal tropical montane forest in nothern Thailand Negreros CP, Hall RB (1996) First-year results of partial overstory removal and direct seeding of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 3:65-76 Negreros, C Xinhua, C. and Z. Jingchun. 1988. Sowing from the air: China’s experience. Zangkum, S. 1998. Growing tree seedlings to restore forests: effects of container type and media on seedling growth and morphology. MSc thesis, Chiang Mai Univerity, Chiang Mai.