Appendix 2 Literature Review – Childhood Obesity Obesity - Background All of the literature refers to similar statistics regarding obesity. The list below gives some examples of the data available from the different sources. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Obesity has more than doubled between 1990 and 2000 in Britain. One in 10 six year olds (8.5%) are obese. One in six (15%) 15 year olds is obese. If the current trends continue, one fifth of boys and one third of girls will be obese by 2020.
Obesity is measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI) for an individual. This is measured through a calculation relating height to weight and age, and there are agreed figures for obesity. This problem is not just limited to the UK. Obesity is rising in other developed countries, most notably the USA. No-one has managed to reverse this trend.1 Implications of Obesity 1) Premature mortality a) Linked to 30,000 deaths a year b) Shortening of life by an average of 9 years2 2) Cost to NHS a) £0.5 billion pa3 3) Cost to economy4 a) £2 billion b) 18 million sick days pa 4) Increased risk of disease. 5 6 Most are diseases of adult life, but overweight adolescents have a 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults.7 a) Heart disease – the most common cause of premature death among obese people (estimated 28000 heart attacks caused by obesity in 1998) b) Type 2 diabetes – this was previously considered to be an adult disease but has appeared in obese school children c) High blood pressure d) Osteoarthritis and back pain e) Hypertension f) Asthma g) Cancer, especially colon
1 2
Wanless, D. Select Committee on Public Accounts 3 NAO 4 NAO 5 NAO 6 Ebbeling et al. 7 POST
5) Exercise intolerance8 6) Stereotype/Stigmatisation:9 10 a) Unhealthy b) Academically unsuccessful c) Socially inept d) Unhygienic e) Lazy f) Negative self image – which could also lead to low self confidence and depression in both children and adults Causes of Obesity There are two main causes of obesity – diet and physical... [continues]
Obesity is measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI) for an individual. This is measured through a calculation relating height to weight and age, and there are agreed figures for obesity. This problem is not just limited to the UK. Obesity is rising in other developed countries, most notably the USA. No-one has managed to reverse this trend.1 Implications of Obesity 1) Premature mortality a) Linked to 30,000 deaths a year b) Shortening of life by an average of 9 years2 2) Cost to NHS a) £0.5 billion pa3 3) Cost to economy4 a) £2 billion b) 18 million sick days pa 4) Increased risk of disease. 5 6 Most are diseases of adult life, but overweight adolescents have a 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults.7 a) Heart disease – the most common cause of premature death among obese people (estimated 28000 heart attacks caused by obesity in 1998) b) Type 2 diabetes – this was previously considered to be an adult disease but has appeared in obese school children c) High blood pressure d) Osteoarthritis and back pain e) Hypertension f) Asthma g) Cancer, especially colon
1 2
Wanless, D. Select Committee on Public Accounts 3 NAO 4 NAO 5 NAO 6 Ebbeling et al. 7 POST
5) Exercise intolerance8 6) Stereotype/Stigmatisation:9 10 a) Unhealthy b) Academically unsuccessful c) Socially inept d) Unhygienic e) Lazy f) Negative self image – which could also lead to low self confidence and depression in both children and adults Causes of Obesity There are two main causes of obesity – diet and physical... [continues]
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