Chapter 11 Human Development Across The
Chapter 11: Human development across the lifespan
Prenatal development Progress Before Birth: prenatal development（生前发育）
germinal stage= conception to 2 weeks
Conception（怀孕）, implantation（灌输）, formation of placenta（胚胎形成）
embryonic stage=2 weeks to 2 months formation of vital organs and systems（重要器官和系统的形成）
fetal stage=2 months to birth bodily growth continues（身体持续增长）, movement capability begins（运动能力开始）, brain cells multiply（大脑细胞繁殖） age of viability（生存的时间）
Prenatal testosterone
2D:4D
(Video: BBC secret of the sexes)
The 2D:4D ration is hypothesized to be affected by the amount of testosterone someone is exposed to in the womb.
The Childhood years
Motor development(运动发育) Basic principles
Cephalocaudal trend: head to foot(从头到位的顺序)
Proximodistal trend: centre-outward从中心到外的顺序)
Factors affecting Motor development Developmental norms:
Based on the median age
Wide variations within normal range(interpret cautiously)
Cultural variations（文化差异）
The childhood years: differences in temperament（性情，性格） Temperament: an individual’s characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.
Longitudinal V.S. Cross-sectional designs
Thomas,Chess, and Birch(1970)
3 basic temperamental styles
Easy--40%
Slow-to-warm-up--15%
Difficult--10%
Mixed--35%
Early emotional development: Attachment Attachment:
Close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.
Behaviorist perspective Harlow’s mnkey’s
Substitute mothers
Ainsworth(1979)
Separation anxiety The strange situation and patterns of attachment Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized/disoriented
Developing secure attachment Bonding at birth, daycare, cultural factors
Stage theories: cognitive development（认知发展）
Jean Piaget(1920s-1980s)
Assimilation: interpreting new experiences using existing mental structures
Accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.
4 stages and major milestones
a. Sensorimotorn（感觉动作期）
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Prenatal development Progress Before Birth: prenatal development（生前发育）
germinal stage= conception to 2 weeks
Conception（怀孕）, implantation（灌输）, formation of placenta（胚胎形成）
embryonic stage=2 weeks to 2 months formation of vital organs and systems（重要器官和系统的形成）
fetal stage=2 months to birth bodily growth continues（身体持续增长）, movement capability begins（运动能力开始）, brain cells multiply（大脑细胞繁殖） age of viability（生存的时间）
Prenatal testosterone
2D:4D
(Video: BBC secret of the sexes)
The 2D:4D ration is hypothesized to be affected by the amount of testosterone someone is exposed to in the womb.
The Childhood years
Motor development(运动发育) Basic principles
Cephalocaudal trend: head to foot(从头到位的顺序)
Proximodistal trend: centre-outward从中心到外的顺序)
Factors affecting Motor development Developmental norms:
Based on the median age
Wide variations within normal range(interpret cautiously)
Cultural variations（文化差异）
The childhood years: differences in temperament（性情，性格） Temperament: an individual’s characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.
Longitudinal V.S. Cross-sectional designs
Thomas,Chess, and Birch(1970)
3 basic temperamental styles
Easy--40%
Slow-to-warm-up--15%
Difficult--10%
Mixed--35%
Early emotional development: Attachment Attachment:
Close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers.
Behaviorist perspective Harlow’s mnkey’s
Substitute mothers
Ainsworth(1979)
Separation anxiety The strange situation and patterns of attachment Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized/disoriented
Developing secure attachment Bonding at birth, daycare, cultural factors
Stage theories: cognitive development（认知发展）
Jean Piaget(1920s-1980s)
Assimilation: interpreting new experiences using existing mental structures
Accommodation: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.
4 stages and major milestones
a. Sensorimotorn（感觉动作期）
*