6. Chromosomes are made when DNA wraps around _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to make bead-like…
In Lab 8, we had analyzed remains found at a wooded area near Jonesburg and tried to determine if the bones belonged to a 28-year-old woman who had been reported missing from a city within the vicinity. Upon analysis, it was determined that they did belong to a female. However, it was not possible to determine if the bones did belong to the missing women. Lab 12 presented the opportunity to genetically analyze the remains found. DNA profiling, also referred to as typing and fingerprinting, uses genetic material to show relatedness and uncover the identity of organisms. Most commonly associated with forensics, it can be used in an array of scientific fields such as anthropology. One method that can be used, when a large sample present, is restriction…
If skim milk was used, the drops of food color would dispersed in milk without…
In her article entitled “Close Encounters of the Prehistoric Kind”, Science Magazine correspondent Ann Gibbons explains that due to interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans, modern humans still contain traces of prehistoric Neanderthal DNA. According to researchers, Asians and Europeans most likely possess a higher frequency of Neanderthal genomes than Africans because the two species “occupied the [same regions] intermittently” in Europe, the Midwest, the Near East, and Russia and may have coexisted with one another for up to 10,000 years before the Neanderthal lineage died out. The article explains that Neanderthal genomes are present in “many people living outside of Africa” as there was not enough interbreeding occurring…
References: American Museum of Natural History. (n.d). Seminars on science; genetics, genomics, genethics. molecular biology. Retrieved on September 24th, 2012 from http://amnh.ecollege.com/ec/crs/default.learn?CourseID=4572911&CPURL=amnh.ecollege.com&Survey=1&47=13217312&ClientNodeID=910503&coursenav=0&bhcp=1…
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a complex biochemical macromolecule that carries genetic information for cellular life forms and some viruses. DNA is also the mechanism through which genetic information from parents is passed on during reproduction. DNA consists of long chains of chemical compounds called nucleotides. Four nucleotides are present in DNA: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). Certain regions of the DNA are called genes. Most genes encode instructions for building proteins (they're called "protein-coding" genes). These proteins are responsible for carrying out most of the life processes of the organism. Nucleotides in a gene are organized into codons. Codons are groups of three nucleotides and are written as the first letters of their nucleotides (e.g., TAC or GGA). Each codon uniquely encodes a single amino acid, a building block of proteins.…
a. According to National Geographic News. Com, Dr. Spencer Wells (pic)and a team of scientists are using technologies to uncover the truth of our genetic roots. They are analyzing patterns in DNA from participants worldwide that can tell us where we came from. He created the project to further validate his previous research about where humans came from. There is great…
Scientists have done several studies on DNA to try and make connections as proof of the Land Bridge being used for the migration to North America. In doing more than a dozen studies, geneticists studied modern and ancient DNA samples from Native Americans, looking for genetic mutations that define human lineages. They found that native people in the Americas went off of four major lineages. To find the start of the lineages, the geneticists searched for human populations in the old world whose genetic diversity included all four lineages. Only the modern inhabitants of southern Siberia matched the genetic profile, this is a discovery that indicates that the ancestors of the first Americans came from an East Asian…
There are two theories about the origin of modern humans; the out of Africa view argues that genes in the fully modern human all came out of Africa and there was no interbreeding involved and the alternative model; a multi-regional view that argues how all human population flowed between different regions and mixed together which contributed to the development of the modern human. What makes these theories the most highly debateable in paleoanthropology is that 30,000 years ago, the taxonomic diversity previously seen amongst homo sapiens, homo erectus and homo Neanderthals had vanished and humans everywhere had evolved into the anatomically and behaviourally modern form; there is much deliberation as to how this occurred which rose this differing schools of thought; one that emphasises multiregional continuity and the other that suggests a single origin for modern humans. In order to understand this controversy, the archaeological, anatomical and genetic evidence needs to be evaluated.…
What is DNA? What do the letters stand for? What is it composed of? Where is it found? What is it shaped like? Answer in full sentences.…
The discovery of germs has been a long process in history and still ongoing today. John Waller, author of The Discovery of the Germ: Twenty Years That Transformed the Way We Think about Disease, has stated as his thesis in this book, “…between 1880 and 1900…medicine underwent perhaps its greatest ever transformation. In just 20 years, the central role of germs in producing illness was for the first time decisively demonstrated and Western doctors abandoned misconceived ideas about the causes and nature of disease that had persisted, in one form or another, for thousands of years (Waller 1).” The germ theory replaced the medical society’s beliefs that relied on the humoral theory for thousands of years. The question that has risen is whether or not there is a problem with monocausal explanations of disease.…
When humans first roamed out of Africa some 60,000 years ago, they left a lot of genetic footprints still…
In this essay I will discuss the adaptations on human evolution, this includes skin color, disease, Lactase Persistence, and the negative effects of the Neolithic Revolution. I will focus mostly on the diseased portion the most because this plays a vital role in natural selection. Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring (dictionary.com). Without disease natural selection would play less of a part in how species evolve. Skin color is important in surviving when most feel like it is because we are different, when in reality we are 99.9 percent identical (Human family tree). I will compare the negative and positive effects of the Neolithic revolution all while explaining the lactase persistence and how it differs from lactose intolerance.…
Many people believe that DNA was discovered in 1950 by Watson and Crick, but they are misguided, in fact it was discovered almost centuries before by a number of less known scientists. Genes were discovered to be heritable from parents by a humble pea grower by the name of Gregor Mendel in 1866. Since then we have discovered that DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is the carrier of genes, traits that pass down from generation to generation.The reality is that the credit didn’t go to everyone who deserved it. This was because, Watson and Crick only figured out the structure, and their predecessors put together small pieces of the puzzle not the whole thing.…
The first scientific investigation of inheritance came from an unlikely place—a monastery garden in what later became Czechoslovakia. There in the 19th century, a monk named Gregor Mendel bred generations of pea plants, observed the way they inherited characteristics, and founded modern genetics. While cell science and evolution theory were advancing, what was happening in inheritance studies? Nothing! Mendel's work was quickly forgotten and not rediscovered until the year 1900. Around the turn of the century, several European scientists unknowingly duplicated Mendel's work. When they realized that he had found the same things 35 years earlier, in the best scientific tradition they quickly named Mendel the founder of modern genetics. By the early 1900s, scientists were using Mendel's laws of segregation and dominance to develop many plants and animals and in order to understand human disease. The next area of investigation concerned what Mendel had called units, or genes. These genes make up what are now called chromosomes. The first major discovery grew out of work on various species of insects. A cell's chromosomes normally come in identical pairs, except for the chromosomes scientists called X and Y. Females always have two X chromosomes. Males of some species have one X and one Y, but in other species males have only a single X chromosome. Scientists quickly realized that the X and Y (or lack of it) determine the individual's sex. But did these chromosomes have other functions as well? The answer came from the first giant of 20th-century genetics, the American Thomas Hunt Morgan. In decades of research with the simple fly Drosophila melanogaster, Morgan and his colleagues and students discovered what the X and Y chromosomes do and Morgan developed the theory of the gene.…