Adjusted Present Valu
Adjusted Present Value
Adjusted present value is an investment appraisal technique similar to net present value method. However, instead of using weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate, ungeared cost of equity is used to discount the cash flows from a project and there is an adjustment for the tax shield provided by related debt capital.
Formula
Adjusted Present Value =
PV of Cash Flows using Ungeared Cost of Equity
+ Present Value of Tax Shield
Where PV stands for 'present value' and ungeared cost of equity is the required rate of return for a firm that is financed by equity. It is calculated using the following formula:
Ungeared Cost of Equity =
Risk Free Rate
+ Asset beta × (Market Return − Risk Free Return)
Since interest cost is allowable as tax deduction therefore, when calculating taxable income it provides tax savings (also called tax shield).
Tax Savings = Tax Rate × Interest Expense Related to the Project
Tax savings are discounted using gross cost of debt.
Example
A project costing $50 million is expected to generate after tax cash flows of $10 million a year forever. Risk free rate is 3%, asset beta is 1.5, required return on market is 12%, cost of debt is 8%, annual interest costs related to project are $2 million and tax rate is 40%. Calculate the adjusted present value of the project.
Solution
Adjusted Present Value = Present Value of Cash Flows + Present Value of Tax Savings
We need to find ungeared cost of equity which is 3% + 1.5*(12% − 3%) = 16.5%. Using this rate the present value of cash flows = $10 million/0.165 = $60.61 million. Initial investment is $50 million no net present value of future cash flows using ungeared cost of equity is $10.61 million ($60.61 million-$50 million).
Present value of tax savings = $2 million × 0.4 / 0.08 = $10 million
Adjusted present value = present value of cash flows + present value of tax savings = $10.61 million + $10 million = $20.61 million.
Decision Rule
The decision
Adjusted present value is an investment appraisal technique similar to net present value method. However, instead of using weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate, ungeared cost of equity is used to discount the cash flows from a project and there is an adjustment for the tax shield provided by related debt capital.
Formula
Adjusted Present Value =
PV of Cash Flows using Ungeared Cost of Equity
+ Present Value of Tax Shield
Where PV stands for 'present value' and ungeared cost of equity is the required rate of return for a firm that is financed by equity. It is calculated using the following formula:
Ungeared Cost of Equity =
Risk Free Rate
+ Asset beta × (Market Return − Risk Free Return)
Since interest cost is allowable as tax deduction therefore, when calculating taxable income it provides tax savings (also called tax shield).
Tax Savings = Tax Rate × Interest Expense Related to the Project
Tax savings are discounted using gross cost of debt.
Example
A project costing $50 million is expected to generate after tax cash flows of $10 million a year forever. Risk free rate is 3%, asset beta is 1.5, required return on market is 12%, cost of debt is 8%, annual interest costs related to project are $2 million and tax rate is 40%. Calculate the adjusted present value of the project.
Solution
Adjusted Present Value = Present Value of Cash Flows + Present Value of Tax Savings
We need to find ungeared cost of equity which is 3% + 1.5*(12% − 3%) = 16.5%. Using this rate the present value of cash flows = $10 million/0.165 = $60.61 million. Initial investment is $50 million no net present value of future cash flows using ungeared cost of equity is $10.61 million ($60.61 million-$50 million).
Present value of tax savings = $2 million × 0.4 / 0.08 = $10 million
Adjusted present value = present value of cash flows + present value of tax savings = $10.61 million + $10 million = $20.61 million.
Decision Rule
The decision