Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes
Macro molecules
Lipids (Fats, phospholipids, sterols)
Fats used to insulate the body as well as protect organs
SATURATED
-better for you
-one or more double bonds between carbons
-less hydrogens
-oils (sunflower, flax)
-lower melting point
UNSATURATED
-worse for you
-single bonds between carbons
-more hydrogens
-animal fats
-higher melting points
Phospholipid
-2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, - phosphate group, + choline group
-hydrophobic tails
-hydrophilic heads
Phospholipid Bilayer
Groupings of phospholipids move together and create a protective membrane with the hydrophilic heads one the outside and very inside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing one another.
Sterols
-4 hydrocarbon chains fused together
-many functional groups attached
CHOLESTEROL
-a big part of the cell membrane
- cells turn cholesterol into vitamin D and bile salts
Carbohydrates (mono, di, poly saccharides)
Monosaccharides- hold energy and store it for cellular respiration
Simple sugars – provide short term energy and storage
-most common one is Glucose (C6H12O)
-glactose and fructose are chemical isomers meaning they have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides combined glucose + glucose = maltose
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides combined together to create STARCH, CELLULOSE and GLYCOGEN
Starch (amylose-simpler diagram)- long term energy and storage
Glycogen (more branched diagram) - unused glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for later use
Cellulose- plant cells are made of this which is why they are rigid. Used in digestion in humans, cleans out colon and intestines.
Proteins – building blocks of life
Amino acids – organic compound containing an amino and a carboxyl group
Have R-groups or side chains that are responsible for how it bonds with other amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds.
NON POLAR LIKES NON POLAR
Lipids (Fats, phospholipids, sterols)
Fats used to insulate the body as well as protect organs
SATURATED
-better for you
-one or more double bonds between carbons
-less hydrogens
-oils (sunflower, flax)
-lower melting point
UNSATURATED
-worse for you
-single bonds between carbons
-more hydrogens
-animal fats
-higher melting points
Phospholipid
-2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, - phosphate group, + choline group
-hydrophobic tails
-hydrophilic heads
Phospholipid Bilayer
Groupings of phospholipids move together and create a protective membrane with the hydrophilic heads one the outside and very inside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing one another.
Sterols
-4 hydrocarbon chains fused together
-many functional groups attached
CHOLESTEROL
-a big part of the cell membrane
- cells turn cholesterol into vitamin D and bile salts
Carbohydrates (mono, di, poly saccharides)
Monosaccharides- hold energy and store it for cellular respiration
Simple sugars – provide short term energy and storage
-most common one is Glucose (C6H12O)
-glactose and fructose are chemical isomers meaning they have the same chemical formula but different structures.
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides combined glucose + glucose = maltose
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides combined together to create STARCH, CELLULOSE and GLYCOGEN
Starch (amylose-simpler diagram)- long term energy and storage
Glycogen (more branched diagram) - unused glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for later use
Cellulose- plant cells are made of this which is why they are rigid. Used in digestion in humans, cleans out colon and intestines.
Proteins – building blocks of life
Amino acids – organic compound containing an amino and a carboxyl group
Have R-groups or side chains that are responsible for how it bonds with other amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds.
NON POLAR LIKES NON POLAR