Econs Note
Economics
TOPIC 4: AGGREGATE DEMAND (AD)/ AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AS) MODEL
Learning Objectives
• Understand AD and AD curve • Discuss factors shifting AD curve • Understand AS and AS curve • Discuss factors shifting AS curve • Understand Macroeconomic equilibrium LO1
Aggregate Demand (AD)
• AD refers to the real GDP demanded • • • at each price level. Y = AD = C + I + G + (X – M) There is an inverse relationship between real GDP demanded and the price level. AD curve is downward sloping.
LO1
Aggregate Demand
Price level
AD
0
LO1
Real domestic output, GDP
Movement along AD curve
• Changes in price will cause a movement along the AD curve.
Reasons for AD to be downward sloping
• Real balances effect - when price rises, purchasing power fall; C falls as a result. AD and real GDP fall. • Interest rate effect - when price rises, demand for money increases. Interest rate increases as a result. When interest rate increases, I and C falls. AD and real GDP fall. • Foreign purchases effect – when local items become more expensive, foreigners demand less of local goods. X falls and M increases. AD and real GDP fall.
Factors shifting AD curve
• Given that AD = C + I + G + (X-M), any factors • affecting each component will affect AD. Factors affecting C:
• Factors affecting I: • Factors affecting G: • Factors affecting X: • Factors affecting M:
LO1
Shifts of AD curve
Price level
AD2 AD3
0
AD1
Real domestic output, GDP
LO1
Aggregate Supply
• AS refers to the total real output • • • produced at each price level. Price and real GDP supplied are positively related. The AS curve is upward sloping. Movement along the AS curve is caused by changes in the price level.
LO2
AS curve: Short Run
AS
Price level
Aggregate supply (short run)
0
Real domestic output, GDP
LO2
Factors that shift AS curve
1. Resource/Input prices: • Labor – Wages • Land – Rent • Price of raw materials
TOPIC 4: AGGREGATE DEMAND (AD)/ AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AS) MODEL
Learning Objectives
• Understand AD and AD curve • Discuss factors shifting AD curve • Understand AS and AS curve • Discuss factors shifting AS curve • Understand Macroeconomic equilibrium LO1
Aggregate Demand (AD)
• AD refers to the real GDP demanded • • • at each price level. Y = AD = C + I + G + (X – M) There is an inverse relationship between real GDP demanded and the price level. AD curve is downward sloping.
LO1
Aggregate Demand
Price level
AD
0
LO1
Real domestic output, GDP
Movement along AD curve
• Changes in price will cause a movement along the AD curve.
Reasons for AD to be downward sloping
• Real balances effect - when price rises, purchasing power fall; C falls as a result. AD and real GDP fall. • Interest rate effect - when price rises, demand for money increases. Interest rate increases as a result. When interest rate increases, I and C falls. AD and real GDP fall. • Foreign purchases effect – when local items become more expensive, foreigners demand less of local goods. X falls and M increases. AD and real GDP fall.
Factors shifting AD curve
• Given that AD = C + I + G + (X-M), any factors • affecting each component will affect AD. Factors affecting C:
• Factors affecting I: • Factors affecting G: • Factors affecting X: • Factors affecting M:
LO1
Shifts of AD curve
Price level
AD2 AD3
0
AD1
Real domestic output, GDP
LO1
Aggregate Supply
• AS refers to the total real output • • • produced at each price level. Price and real GDP supplied are positively related. The AS curve is upward sloping. Movement along the AS curve is caused by changes in the price level.
LO2
AS curve: Short Run
AS
Price level
Aggregate supply (short run)
0
Real domestic output, GDP
LO2
Factors that shift AS curve
1. Resource/Input prices: • Labor – Wages • Land – Rent • Price of raw materials