CMST 2060 Midterm Study Guide

Need to know:
5 conditions necessary in a thesis statement
Tropes: Metonymy, simile, synecdoche, paradox
Extemporaneous speech format (Quiz)
Rhetorical public speaking
Resources for persuasion (1st canon)
Signposts, transitions, internal summaries, internal previews
Components of delivery (pg. 44-45)
Introductory speech (Quiz)
Speeches of Solicitation (Quiz)
Speeches of Commemoration
Contingency
Rhetorical Situation (Quiz)
Rhetorical background
Identification of a rhetor
Practical judgment
Ethos (Quiz)
Polarization
Distinction
Identification (Quiz)
Topoi of arguments
Topic arrangement
Types of persona
Strategies of ethos
Constraints (Quiz)

1. 5 conditions necessary in a thesis statement:
1) Be Specific
2) Focus On A Single Topic
3) be audience centered
4) make a clear claim
5) present reasons/details
2. Trope- tends to emphasize the way that words can have more than one meaning; have literal meanings that are different or opposite from their practical meanings
Types: metaphor- a description of one thing directly in terms of something of unlike nature to emphasize a particular quality (My love is a beautiful rose) Synecdoche- The use of something to stand in for the whole of it (After the World Trade Center bombings, we were all New Yorkers) Metonymy- a description of something personal and abstract in terms of a concrete object associated with it (The other baseball team has its two big bats coming up) Irony- The use of a word or phrase in such a way that it conveys the opposite meaning (Lucky for us, World War I was the war to end all wars) Simile- Explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature using like or as (She runs like a deer) Personification- a description abstract or nonhuman objects as if they possessed human qualities (the waves leaped forward and pulled me back into the ocean) Hyperbole- the use of extreme exaggeration to highlight a specific quality or idea (when my boss started yelling at me, I could feel the whole office building shaking) Oxymoron- the placement of two terms together that seem contradictory (There is no such thing as a smart bomb. They are all equally mindless) Paradox- the statement of an apparent contradiction that nevertheless contains a measure of truth (How strange it is that getting cancer saved my life. Only now have I come to value what is important in the world)
3. Quiz
4. 5 Canons of rhetoric INVENTION, ARANGEMENT, STYLE, MEMORY, DELIVERY
5. Resources for persuasion: Websites; Newspapers & Magazines; Books by respected authors; Academic journal articles; Government documents

6. Transitions- Once you have sufficiently articulated a main point and concluded a section, it is necessary to provide a “bridge” to move your audience from on idea to another
Internal Previews- a sentence within a speech that lets the audience know what they are about to hear
Internal Summaries- reminds them of what they have heard so as to reaffirm an important point
Signposts- a way of telling the audience “You are here.” [first, second, and third] [to begin, in conclusion]
7. The 8 Components of Delivery 1) Eye Contact 2) Articulation- to speak clearly 3) Pronunciation- know how to correctly say your words 4) Pitch 5) Volume 6) Dialect- local phrasings common in a particular group that may be different from the audienc 7) Rate 8) Pauses
8. Quiz
9. Quiz
10. Speeches of Commemoration- make moral judgments about, and attribute values to, particular people, objects, or events important to the audience in a way that alters or reinforces their long-term attitudes toward those things; they bring people together to honor the values that unite them. 2 major components : 1) value- an abstract and universal concept 2) subject matter- a specific and concrete thing
Contexts for commemorative speeches are either ritualistic, as with annual national holidays: or situational, as with wedding or graduations
11. Contingency- some unexpected obstacle, perplexity, or problem
12. Quiz
13. Rhetorical Background- represents the larger environment that defines the historical and social context for any particular rhetorical event
14.
15. practical judgment- the act of defining a particular person, object, or event in terms of a general category for the purpose of making a practical decision
16. Quiz
17. Polarization- the strategy of dividing an audience into a positive “us” and a negative “them” in order to create unity through difference
18. Distinction- the attempt to establish credibility by the possession of special knowledge and/or unique experience that are superior to the audience
19. Quiz
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22. Persona- the image the rhetor constructs of himself as a speaker apologist- when speakers wish to rebuff attack by appearing the virtuous victim of an unjust accusation agent- speaks on behalf of some institution as a spokesperson of legitimate authority
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24. Quiz