Memory

Memory Fundamentals processes relating to memory 1. Encoding – the process by which information is initially recorded in the memory 2. Storage – the maintenance of material saved in the memory 3. Retrieval –when the material in the memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used. Three kinds of memory storage systems (Memory Storehouses) 1. Sensory Memory – the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant 2. Short-term memory – which holds information for 15 to 25 seconds 3. Long-term memory- which store information on a relatively permanent basis *Short- term memory has a very limited capacity, the limit is 7 + 2 items of chunks of information. A chunk is a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory. Rehearsal allows transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Two kinds of rehearsal: Repetition Rehearsal – which keeps information active in short-term memory Elaborative Rehearsal – which allows processing of the meaning of information Mnemonics – by using organizational strategies; retention of information can be improved

Three components of Short-term memory 1. Central Executive –coordinates the material to focus on during reasoning and decision making 2. Visuospatial Sketch Pad –concentrates on visual and spatial information 3. Phonological Loop – is responsible for holding and manipulating material related to speech, words and numbers Several Different Components, Memory Modules or System of Long-Term Memory 1. Declarative Memory – is for factual information 2. Nondeclarative Memory – is a memory for skills,habits and conditioning 3. Proceduaral Memory –involves blueprints for behaviors necessary for the organism to adapt to the environment 4. Semantic Memory-includes specialized knowledge about the world 5. Episodic Memory –which involves memories for