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PSYA1 Cognitive Psychology - Memory
The Nature of Memory: STM and LTM * Baddeley, encoding in short term memory – whether it’s acoustic or semantic in the STM. Acoustically similar words recalled the least suggests that the STM is encoded on an acoustic basis.
* Jacobs, capacity of the STM – he found that people remember nine numbers and seven letters. He did this with the series span technique.
* Miller, capacity of the STM – reviewed all the research available and found that the capacity of the STM was between 5 or 9 items. Chunking or grouping information into meaningful bits allows for more information to be held in the STM.
* Peterson and Peterson, duration of the STM – nonsense trigrams (the Brown-Peterson technique). Recalled without rehearsal. 90% of trigrams recalled after 3 seconds but only 5% after 18 seconds. Thus, STM duration is about 20 to 30 seconds.
* Baddeley, encoding in the LTM - Recall for semantically similar items after 20 minutes was less efficient than for the other lists. Semantic confusion in the LTM, suggests that the LTM is coded semantically.
* Bahrick, duration of the LTM – photo and name recognition task for age group 17 to 74 from highs school, even after 48 years recall was very high for names and faces. This suggests that the duration of the LTM is very long.
The multi-store model of memory
* Glanzer and Kunitz, evidence supporting the MSM – primacy and recency effects. People remember words from the beginning of the list and at the end of the list, but not in the middle. Why? Beginning of the list has been rehearsed and is in the LTM. Most recent words are in the STM.
* Brain scan to support the MSM – take images of active brain and show which region is active when doing a task. The pre-frontal cortex for short- term memories, but the hippocampus active for long term memory.
* HM, support for the MSM – he had his hippocampus removed. No new long term memory possible
The Nature of Memory: STM and LTM * Baddeley, encoding in short term memory – whether it’s acoustic or semantic in the STM. Acoustically similar words recalled the least suggests that the STM is encoded on an acoustic basis.
* Jacobs, capacity of the STM – he found that people remember nine numbers and seven letters. He did this with the series span technique.
* Miller, capacity of the STM – reviewed all the research available and found that the capacity of the STM was between 5 or 9 items. Chunking or grouping information into meaningful bits allows for more information to be held in the STM.
* Peterson and Peterson, duration of the STM – nonsense trigrams (the Brown-Peterson technique). Recalled without rehearsal. 90% of trigrams recalled after 3 seconds but only 5% after 18 seconds. Thus, STM duration is about 20 to 30 seconds.
* Baddeley, encoding in the LTM - Recall for semantically similar items after 20 minutes was less efficient than for the other lists. Semantic confusion in the LTM, suggests that the LTM is coded semantically.
* Bahrick, duration of the LTM – photo and name recognition task for age group 17 to 74 from highs school, even after 48 years recall was very high for names and faces. This suggests that the duration of the LTM is very long.
The multi-store model of memory
* Glanzer and Kunitz, evidence supporting the MSM – primacy and recency effects. People remember words from the beginning of the list and at the end of the list, but not in the middle. Why? Beginning of the list has been rehearsed and is in the LTM. Most recent words are in the STM.
* Brain scan to support the MSM – take images of active brain and show which region is active when doing a task. The pre-frontal cortex for short- term memories, but the hippocampus active for long term memory.
* HM, support for the MSM – he had his hippocampus removed. No new long term memory possible