Preview

Economics Project Proposal

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2792 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Economics Project Proposal
1.0: INTRODUCTION
Women account for approximately half of whichever nation’s populace. Yet, in nearly all countries, females play a much less role than men in contributing towards the worth of recorded production in labour force participation. Under-utilizing female labour has palpable consequences for economic welfare and growth. Quite a lot of factors, both economic and non-economic could be deemed liable for this. Particular, the partaking of women in the labour force seems to depend more on the social environment.
Customarily, women were considered as homemakers, who administer and direct the relationships and activities at home. Formerly, in Africa, women stayed behind at home while their husbands and sons went out to the farm to work. Historically, also, men would go out hunting, while women would engage in gathering of vegetation and stay at home taking care of the house. The sexual division of the workforce in which the males would hunt and the females gather wild fruits and vegetables was a shared experience between hunter-gatherer societies globally. But at home, however, they were not inactive as they were involved in manual processing of food crops and other farm harvests in supplement to their housekeeping responsibilities. With the introduction of western education, industrialization and paid employment, men, together with women, drifted into the modern sector of the economy. And today, there are visible changes in the perception of women, principally because they have greater opportunities for education than before. They now constitute themselves into various societies or organizations and they are aggressively fighting for the liberalization of the role of women as opposed to restricting them to the home and home-based activities.

1.1: BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Some formal and informal barriers which obstruct entry of women into many different occupational groupings include lack of education, customs and religious practices, management and



Bibliography: ACKAH, C., AHIADEKE, C., and FENNY, A.P. (2009) Determinants of Labour Force Participation in Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana. BEN-PORATH, Y. (1973) Labour-force participation rates and the supply of labour. Journal of Political Economy, 81: 697–704. BOWEN, W.G. and FINEGAN T.A. (1969) The Economics of Labour Force Participation. Princeton University Press. CAIN G.G. (1966) Married Women in the Labour Force: An Economic Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. COCHRANE, S. (1979) Fertility and Education. What do We Really Know? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. GOLDIN, C. (1994) The U-Shaped Female Labour Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #4707, Cambridge. LAWANSON, O.I. (2008) Female Labour Force Participation in Nigeria: Determinants and Trends. University of Lagos, Nigeria. SCHULTZ, T.P. (1990) Women’s Changing Participation in the Labour Force: A World Perspective. Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol. 38 pp 457-88. ZIMSTAT (2011) Zimbabwe Labour Force and Child Labour Survey

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Better Essays

    Hanna Rosin explains new data on how women are beginning to emerge over men in many categories. She focus’ on the societal shift on women being more involved than previously thought. She talks about women in the workplace. She shows a graph from 1973-2007 showing the amount of men vs. the amount of women in difference skilled jobs (low, medium, and high) after since the women began to flood the workplace (1973). This shows that the women have a much higher population of workers in the highly skilled jobs. She shows multiple sources of data on many different topics and explains them very well. Her…

    • 553 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    have had over the last several decades in earning a place to work beside men in the…

    • 572 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Best Essays

    MCConnell, Campbell R., and Stanley L. Brue. “Labor Market Institutions and Issues: Unionism, Discrimination, Immigration.” Economics. 1945. Ed. Douglas Reiner. 17th ed. New York: McGraw, 2008. 658.…

    • 3328 Words
    • 14 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    As men left their factory jobs to go fight in World War II (WWII), women stepped into their jobs to produce the heavy machinery needed for war and at home to keep the country running. An excerpt from the book The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter spoke of a young machinist, Celia Saparsteen Yanish, and the transition that women had to make into their jobs doing “men’s work.” Before the war, this country was battling an unemployment problem brought on by the Great Depression. The start of WWII erased this problem, as increased production was needed to produce war supplies and goods necessary during a time of war. Because men were both working and fighting in the war, there were more jobs available than could be filled by men. As new employment opportunities became available,…

    • 1283 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Best Essays

    “Between 1950 and 1955 the number of women employees in the US workforce grew by 40%. The developments made US a more secure nation whose citizens were concerned increasingly with aspirations and notions of success.” (Schwartz, Pg. #)…

    • 1597 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    leave more easily and find other parts of life more fulfilling -- is a dangerous and…

    • 4982 Words
    • 20 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    Schnittker, Jason. 2007. “Working More and Feeling Better: Women’s Health, Employment, and Family Life, 1974-2004. American Sociological Review 72(2):221-238.…

    • 978 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Pfau-Effinger, B. (2012). Women 's employment in the institutional and cultural context. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(9), 530-543.…

    • 514 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Prior to World War II, the workforce consisted primarily of male workers. During this time, women who participated in the workforce were usually young and unmarried and held clerical and teaching positions--positions which lacked training or opportunity for advancement. As Sharpless and Rury note, approximately 80% of women in the workforce were unmarried: “the vast majority of working women were young, unmarried, and lived with their parents. Work, for all but a small minority, was a supplement to family income. It seldom went beyond a short interim period between adolescence and marriage (3-5 years average)” (324-5). When a working woman was married, she would typically leave the workforce to play the role of the homemaker, while her husband was responsible for financially supporting their household: “For nearly all working-class women, marriage and a family were seen as the most important goals in their lives. Their options for employment and, therefore, the character of their working-class…

    • 1799 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    Women in the late 1800s began a transformation that would remain as a lasting phenomenon. During this time period, the US witnessed the creation of the “new woman.” From Antonia who is a farm laborer to Tiny who owns and manages her own business, the “new woman” is portrayed extensively in Cather’s “My Antonia.” The goal of this paper is to analyze the “new woman” from an economic perspective by creating a historical context. Although the scope of the paper is not to exhaust the discussion on all female characters, it will attempt to create a discussion which will portray the female characters from the novel in the economic context of the late 1800s to early 1900s time period. This is the time period in which the novel is set. The thesis of the paper will revolve around the idea that immigrant women during this time period engaged in labor in order to survive, sustain the family, and ensure that a family enterprise ran smoothly and to pay off debts owed by the family.…

    • 1235 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Women in the Workforce

    • 541 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Through history women have fought a long standing battle for equality in the workforce. There was a time that women could only do very specific gendered work for a lower wage. It was expected that women run the house, raise the kids and men went to work. Times have changed as women have fought to gain independence and equality and the right to choose what they want to do with their lives. The use of women in the workforce really began to change during World War II. For the first time women were pulled from the home and placed in factories as front line workers and given the responsibility of a man’s job and were still expected to run the home. According to the web site Holding the Line, World War II proved to be the catalyst that opened new doors for women and eventually changed the way women were regarded as a viable workforce. For the first time women left the "traditional jobs" and accomplished job tasks previously believed to be beyond their capabilities. The drastic reduction of available manpower coupled with the dire need for factory workers resulted in females being placed in physically demanding roles. The hard work, dedication and skill with which these women preformed these jobs paved the way for other. (Cambell 1999) Women have come a long way but have many more hurdles to overcome to gain true equality to men. Some examples of these hurdles are; equal pay for equal work, equal rights politically and socially.…

    • 541 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Family and Grandparents

    • 3824 Words
    • 16 Pages

    Bianchi. S. (1995). ‘Changing economic roles of women and men.’ In R. Farley (ed.), State of the Union America in the 1990’s vol. 1. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.…

    • 3824 Words
    • 16 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Better Essays

    Women in the Workforce

    • 1187 Words
    • 5 Pages

    A woman in today’s society has many roles. She is a daughter, a sister, a wife, a mother, a cook, a caretaker, and much more. Within the past century, however, her role has been altered and added to. She is now, also, a worker. Some women are even the main source of income in their households. To those of us who have been raised in late 20th century, this occurrence doesn’t seem unusual. Most of our mothers have had jobs. We have seen or heard of many successful businesswomen, but women have not always been treated as equals in the workforce. In the early 1900s, women were mainly responsible for maintaining their household. If they worked, it was normally on their own farm or in factories at a lower wage than men, but not in a formal career. When World War II began, more women were allowed into the workforce, but were fired when it ended. The 1970s brought another wave of women workers when laws were passed to give women equal rights to work. Women have been a growing part of the workforce since. It had many immediate effects, such as a small economic boom because of more people working. Also, it inspired many feminist movements. Today, there are nearly as many women in the workforce as men, and there are no signs of regression. Although women still face sexism and discrimination, the woman’s role is changing from the weaker sex to the equal partner.…

    • 1187 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Feminization of Labour

    • 1556 Words
    • 7 Pages

    Feminisation of labour is a marker given to the movement towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine ' modes of interaction (“Feminization of Labor Law and Definition”). The last few decades have witnessed an increase in the employment of women in most developing countries, despite the discrimination in wages and earnings. The changes brought about may be partly due to an improvement in the socioeconomic status of the population, such as the level of education of women along with the greater demand for both male and female labour in the workforce. In spite of the availability of new opportunities in high flexibility labour markets, I argue that the feminisation of labour brings more detriment than benefit to women in most developing countries.…

    • 1556 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Kersley, Barbara and Christopher Martin (1997), Productivity Growth, Participation and Communication, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 44(5): 485-501.…

    • 18329 Words
    • 74 Pages
    Powerful Essays