This was an interesting read. There were many things in this article that I’ve never known in the past. For example, the term “conditioned withdrawal” was new to me. Conditioned withdrawal was studied by a scientist, Abraham Wikler, who described this phenomenon as experiencing drug withdrawal after several months of recovery. The patients in his study have not taken any drugs for several months and did not think about it. However, when the drug was mentioned in a group therapy, symptoms of opiate-related withdrawals were shown amongst the patients. Symptoms included yawning, sniffling, and tearing of eyes. Wikler compared this to a past experiment of Pavlov which described the effects of morphine related behavior that can be conditioned. I
