Anatomy and Physiology The Organisation of The Human Body
THE
ORGANISATION OF
THE HUMAN BODY
By Rachel Bull
CELLS
The organelles of cells and their function • Cell (or plasma) membrane - The plasma membrane acts as a boundary and controls what substances can enter and exit the cell.
• Cytoplasm - This semi-fluid substance found inside the boundary of the cell and outside the nucleus cushions and protects the internal organelles, this is also where the majority of the chemical reactions happen.
• Nucleus - The nucleus is the double-membraned central part of the cell that contains and carries DNA strands and controls what happens inside the cell.
• Nucleolus - The nucleolus is found in the dense region of the nucleus, it plays an essential role in the formation of ribosomes.
The structure of the cell membrane
• Mitochondria - The mitochondria are spherical or rod-shaped bodies that are scattered in the semifluid cytoplasm and are considered the 'powerhouse' of the cell as it aids ADP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum;
• Smooth ER - The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for synthesizing lipids and some carbohydrates within the cell network.
• Rough ER - Unlike the smooth endoplasmic reticulum the rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes present along its membrane from which is receives and transports synthesised proteins.
• Golgi Apparatus - A series of flattened fluid-filled sacs that chemically process, then package substances from the ER and is involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
• Lysosome - The lysosomes are known as the
'digestive system' as they can digest all major chemicals in living cells, they are enclosed by a membrane. THE VARIOUS
TISSUES OF THE
BODY
Epithelial tissue
Epithelia are the linings of external and internal surfaces and body cavities, including ducts (channels or tubes) carrying secretions from glands. They are composed of several layers of cells, called compound epithelia, or a single layer known as
ORGANISATION OF
THE HUMAN BODY
By Rachel Bull
CELLS
The organelles of cells and their function • Cell (or plasma) membrane - The plasma membrane acts as a boundary and controls what substances can enter and exit the cell.
• Cytoplasm - This semi-fluid substance found inside the boundary of the cell and outside the nucleus cushions and protects the internal organelles, this is also where the majority of the chemical reactions happen.
• Nucleus - The nucleus is the double-membraned central part of the cell that contains and carries DNA strands and controls what happens inside the cell.
• Nucleolus - The nucleolus is found in the dense region of the nucleus, it plays an essential role in the formation of ribosomes.
The structure of the cell membrane
• Mitochondria - The mitochondria are spherical or rod-shaped bodies that are scattered in the semifluid cytoplasm and are considered the 'powerhouse' of the cell as it aids ADP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum;
• Smooth ER - The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes and is responsible for synthesizing lipids and some carbohydrates within the cell network.
• Rough ER - Unlike the smooth endoplasmic reticulum the rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes present along its membrane from which is receives and transports synthesised proteins.
• Golgi Apparatus - A series of flattened fluid-filled sacs that chemically process, then package substances from the ER and is involved in secretion and intracellular transport.
• Lysosome - The lysosomes are known as the
'digestive system' as they can digest all major chemicals in living cells, they are enclosed by a membrane. THE VARIOUS
TISSUES OF THE
BODY
Epithelial tissue
Epithelia are the linings of external and internal surfaces and body cavities, including ducts (channels or tubes) carrying secretions from glands. They are composed of several layers of cells, called compound epithelia, or a single layer known as