Adipokines Research Paper
Adipokines
Felician College
Adipokines and their effects on cardiovascular disease Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones, or the proteins that bind the hormones become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death.
Adipokines are hormones that are released from adipose cells and are also known as serum markers of cardiovascular risk (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.600). The discovery of leptin in 1994 started an extreme interest in the study of …show more content…
Normally, adiponectin helps maintain insulin sensitivity and protect vascular function. Also, it is anti-inflammatory but low levels are linked to coronary artery disease. Resistin is another adipokine that is increased in obesity and decreases insulin sensitivity and has been linked to inflammation in endothelial cells (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.599). Leptin and resistin are increased in obesity and are associated with increased blood pressure and hypertension. Leptin and resistin are associated with atherosclerotic disease other adipokines are also being studied for their association. These include: visfatin, apelin, vaspin, and hepcidin (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.
Felician College
Adipokines and their effects on cardiovascular disease Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones, or the proteins that bind the hormones become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle (Stehno-Bittel, 2008, p.1). Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death.
Adipokines are hormones that are released from adipose cells and are also known as serum markers of cardiovascular risk (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.600). The discovery of leptin in 1994 started an extreme interest in the study of …show more content…
Normally, adiponectin helps maintain insulin sensitivity and protect vascular function. Also, it is anti-inflammatory but low levels are linked to coronary artery disease. Resistin is another adipokine that is increased in obesity and decreases insulin sensitivity and has been linked to inflammation in endothelial cells (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.599). Leptin and resistin are increased in obesity and are associated with increased blood pressure and hypertension. Leptin and resistin are associated with atherosclerotic disease other adipokines are also being studied for their association. These include: visfatin, apelin, vaspin, and hepcidin (Huether, & McCance, 2012, p.