APA Documenting Sources

APA STYLE MANUAL – 6th Ed.
HOW TO USE
Documenting Sources
APA requires the use of in-text parenthetical citations, not footnotes. These in-text citations lead readers to complete bibliographic information included in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the paper. In-text citations can be handled in different ways. If you use the author 's name in the sentence, simply include within parentheses the date of publication after the author 's name: Barrow (1974) found . . . . However, if you do not incorporate the author 's name into the sentence, include the author 's last name and publication date within parentheses: . . . (Barrow, 1974). Either approach may be used regardless of the number of authors. If a source has two authors,
after the publication year. Abbreviate page or chapter. In addition, please refer to section 6.03 (Direct Quotation of Sources) in the APA’s Publication Manual. Example 1: He stated, “The impact of technology on student learning is best observed when conducting focus groups” (Gallati, 1988, p.38), but he did not go into much more detail. Example 2: Gallati (1998) contended that “the impact of technology on student learning is best observed when conducting focus groups” (p.38). Example 3: Gallati (1998) discovered the following: The impact of technology on student learning is best observed when conducting focus groups. Small, independent studies allow the researcher or instructor to witness hands-on experiences students have with technology and ways they employ various forms of technology to enhance projects, research papers, and group presentations. In addition, students willingly discuss their experiences – positive and negative - with the researcher, thus documenting the ways in which technological advances have helped or hindered their experience as a student. (p.38) When citing information from a Web page that doesn’t provide page numbers, use the paragraph abbreviation (para.) to indicate the paragraph being cited. If the Web page doesn’t have visible page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it. (Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Lehman, 2001,
Retrieved from http://www.firstmonday.dk/

issues/issue6_12/matthews/index.html

Nonperiodical Documents on the Internet At a minimum, a reference to an Internet source should provide a document title, date (publication date or date of retrieval), and a Web address. Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not known. Use chapter or paragraph identifiers in place of page numbers if available. For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publisher has been identified as the author.
Schwartz, B. (n.d.). Lyme Disease. Retrieved from the Johns Hopkins Arthritis Web site: http://www.hopkins-arthritis.com/other/lyme.html Association of College and Research Libraries. (2001, April 17). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/ informationliteracycompetency.cfm Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground

bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved from