Intro to Computer Science; Bit's, Bytes, and Beyond. Chapter 2 Data Manipulation

Chapter 2:
Data Manipulation
Computer Science: An Overview
Eleventh Edition by J. Glenn Brookshear

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 2: Data Manipulation
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2.1 Computer Architecture
2.2 Machine Language
2.3 Program Execution
2.4 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions
2.5 Communicating with Other Devices
2.6 Other Architectures

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Computer Architecture
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) or processor – Arithmetic/Logic unit versus Control unit
– Registers
• General purpose
• Special purpose

• B
Bus
• Motherboard

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Figure 2.1 CPU and main memory connected via a bus

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Stored Program Concept
A program can be encoded as bit patterns and stored i main memory. F d t d in i From th there, the CPU can then extract the instructions and execute them. In turn, the program to be executed can be altered easily.

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Terminology
• Machine instruction: An instruction (or command) encoded as a bit pattern
d)
d d tt recognizable by the CPU
• Machine language: The set of all instructions recognized by a machine

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Machine Language Philosophies
• Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
– Few, simple, efficient, and fast instructions
– Examples: PowerPC from Apple/IBM/Motorola and ARM

• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
– Many convenient, and powerful instructions
Many, convenient
– Example: Intel

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Machine Instruction Types
• Data Transfer: copy data from one location to t another th • Arithmetic/Logic: use existing bit patterns to compute a new bit patterns
• Control: direct the execution of the program Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 2.2