the reconstructive nature of memory‚ by which the brains processes information to make sense of the world. However‚ to say that memory is not reliable would be unrealistic‚ as memory is still reliable to some extent‚ depending on the factors. Loftus and Palmer conducted a research to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and have a confabulating effect‚ as the account would become distorted by the cues provided in the question. To do this‚ 45 American students
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malleability of the human mind‚ the question arises of how and why false memories are created (Laney & Loftus 2013). False memory syndrome describes “a condition in which a person has an apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur” (Dictionary). The conflicting ideas on the creation of these false memories has created a divide in psychologists since the mid 1900s (Laney & Loftus 2013). Through years of minimal studies‚ experimental methods have focused on the influence of hypnosis
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The Reliability of Eyewitness Testimonies Based on Memory Memory most of the time is on the debate of its reliability‚ especially within the jury system and on eyewitness testimonies. The significance of eyewitness testimonies cannot be ignored‚ plus this plays as a crucial role in accusing the true culprit. Nevertheless‚ there are many innocent individuals‚ because of this‚ have to stay in prison for things that they have never done. Based on memory‚ there is no certain confidence that the testimonies
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the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn‚ two characters reject society‚ and spontaneously adventure the south. In this novel‚ they run into many endeavors in which they must overcome. In this essay‚ I will reveal how characters such as Miss Watson‚ Mrs. Loftus‚ Aunt Sally‚ the Dauphin and Duke‚ the Sheperdsons and Grangerfords and Huck Finn expose hypocrisy and duality. With these themes present throughout this non fictional story‚ you can see how characters support this theme. The widow exemplifies this
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the incident that took place. "Deceptive information presented after an event can lead people to erroneous reports of that misinformation. Different process histories can be responsible for the same erroneous accounts in different individuals" (Loftus & Hoffman‚ 1989). There have individuals have gone through with hypnosis and have been on rigorous medication regimens because they are afraid of the affects of what they will do on their memory. When an individual has a good relationship with other
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Memory and Eyewitness Testimony are two concepts which are studied within the topic of cognitive psychology. It is important to investigate these processes to aid in the understanding of how individuals cognitively process ideas and how this may affect specific behaviors. From a psychological perspective‚ memory can be defined as‚ “The capacity to retain and store information” (holah.co.uk‚ 2006). The further researches into the topic of memory allow it to greatly contribute toward societies’ legal
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affect one’s memory of the original event. She developed the misinformation effect which showed that eyewitnesses’ memories about an event are altered when there is exposure to incorrect information (Loftus‚ 1975). Misinformation effect happens when a person’s recall of memories becomes less accurate. Loftus‚ Miller and Burn (1978) conducted a study about the misinformation effect. In this study participants witnessed an event and after the event they read a narrative with misinformation. When tested
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present during a court case that involves eyewitness testimony‚ as they are more aware of its flaws. We store information in schemas and when we gain new knowledge it is altered in order to fit these schemas. Leading psychologists such as Elizabeth Loftus‚ Neil Bartlett and Yullie & Cutshall have carried out research in order to demonstrate how our memory can be altered by psychological factors such as leading questions‚ reconstructive memory and weapon focus. This research paper contains a vast number
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studies done over the past years on repressed memories‚ even if it is possible to stir up the repressed memories of childhood‚ the results of these studies is that researchers believe that most repressed memories are not related the events in question. (Loftus) According to the American Heritage Colleges Dictionary 4th Edition‚ hypnosis is defined as an artificially induced altered state of consciousness‚ marked by heightened suggestibility and receptivity to direction. But in psychological ideology‚
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might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own‚ encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life (Loftus 1980‚ 1997). There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless‚ we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had
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