M,HHHHH
d\^ B_5iXD ^\S o :iSehd:B_5iXD ^\SsWs :iSehd _F[F 28ds ac½ ȩlWs Jp . Xe°_j ah^ 8 ^\S
Ȼ lWhWWh U° aSh ‘ĥ]d’ Wh dƛ\hW\h5 Vhi\D ;ƗdaWh ĮX\h5 776 :.d. ȶ la± ]sĤ]s eSs. bĮ8S\h5 8 ^\S\h5 \h́ ȶkȿkc Ub½D K eSh. 394 dU ɅkVj 8 ^\Sȵk 5 ̆Ɨ]pD Ih^ ac± 8]sKW Tȱ k eȱ k. XJ ^s\Wh ^hĤ iT]sPsid]dp ^\S ;X^ XhZ5Vj _Fhaj UVj.
?Wh XJ _F[F 1500 ac½ ɅkVj 8 ^\Ssȵk 8]sKW W TȻk.5
8 ^\SsWp Zp^sW iX]^° P DsZNW Wh\Wh ̇°ƛIp Y^ bȿk DȻk. 1875 Wj dh_\h5
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B_5iXD ƨN° P]\Wj ĤRDh^ \`. DsZNWWh ̆]hdsTj 1896\h5 ˴jdWj ^hKVhWj
?TҪd\h5 Xe°_j aES 8ȴkiWD B_5iXD ^\Ssȵk 5 8]sKW DȻk. :.d. 1900 Tj 8
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^\Ss\h5 \e_hB (ĘjB) XR [hF _pah _hFj. :.d. 1916, 1940 7Wp 1944 \h5 ̆T\
7Wp ĎSj] iaĖ ȻkćWh Dh^Rp B_5iXD ^\S 8]sĥS T]p_ W eSj. dWp 1924 Tj ib]hį B_5iXD ^\SsWj bĮ8S T:. 8 ̆iS]sFSh 16 Uads ɅkVj Ihɀk ^e° Jp . ?Wj
ӔU^ ?aj ^\Ss es] Jp Ȑ BJh\h5 BJh 25 U° bs\h5 ^\h] Jp . 8\h \h́ 7 (dhS)
^\Ss d\hap_ Jp . Sp WjIp ̆\hRp Jp .
¾ 8:d esD
¾ YF^ ƨD°NF
¾ ZpTh_sW
¾ ZsZ dpƣPF 7Tah ZsZƨ_pӗF
¾ ƣȻkD
¾ ƨXjP ƨD°NF
¾ ƨDӗF
Bƨ˼° _]h, ̇hƛd, ˴pN ̈NW, ˴jd ?N_p D° ƨaL^_pƛP ?ah Xh5I U° b Jp D° ȐRp
7Ɨ]h^ ɅkVj ̆Ɨ]pD B_iXD ^\Ss\h5 XsShWj N\ \sD_j Jp . ?aj K ^Sp ˴pN ̈NW iaĖWs ?D \h́ ?as U° b Jp ȐRp 7Ɨ]h^ ɅkVjWj ZVj B_iXD ^\S\h5 ƨaR½ XUD ĥƗ]h Jp . :.d. 1932 Wh _sd ?ƛK_d B_iXDWh ̆T\ ́R (3) iaȐShBWp XsP]\
(djQȵk\h Zsƈd) \h5 ;[h ^hEj ƨaR½, ^KS 7Wp Dh5dhȵk 5 XUD U° ahWj ̆Th bĮ T:.
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[h^Sp Xe°_jah^ 1920 Wh ?ƛNaX½ (ZpԓƣK]\) B_5iXD ^\STj d\^ B_5iXD ^\S\h5
[hF _jVs eSs. Sp aESp [h^SWp Ds: XUD \`p _ W eȱ k.
B_5iXD ƚaK:B_5iXD ƚaKȵk 5 iW\h½R :.d. 1913 \h5 TȻk5 eȱ k. ȩlW, 1914 \h5 Xp^d\h5 ƚaKȵk 5
;ȳu GhNW TȻk5 eȱ k5 7Wp :.d. 1920 Wh ?ƛNaX½ B_5iXD\h5 ƚaKWp Xe°_jah^ Y^Dhaah\h5
8ƥ]s. 8 ƚaK 3 \jN^ Xes`s 7Wp 2 \jN^ _h5Zs es] Jp . ?\h5 2.06 \jN^ X 60 dp.\j. [hF\h5 B_5iXDWh IƛɆu _hFp_h Jp .
8 IƛɆu\h5 Xh5I aȱ` ?DZjĤ\h5 d5D`h]p_h Jp , Ȑ iaĖWh 7_F-7_F E5Psȵk 5
½k
̆iSiWiVƗa D^° Jp . Sp WjIp ̆\hRp Jp . (ib]hį B_5iXD ^\SsWs ƚaK 7_F es] Jp .)
–
Ȼ lWhWWh U° aSh ‘ĥ]d’ Wh dƛ\hW\h5 Vhi\D ;ƗdaWh ĮX\h5 776 :.d. ȶ la± ]sĤ]s eSs. bĮ8S\h5 8 ^\S\h5 \h́ ȶkȿkc Ub½D K eSh. 394 dU ɅkVj 8 ^\Sȵk 5 ̆Ɨ]pD Ih^ ac± 8]sKW Tȱ k eȱ k. XJ ^s\Wh ^hĤ iT]sPsid]dp ^\S ;X^ XhZ5Vj _Fhaj UVj.
?Wh XJ _F[F 1500 ac½ ɅkVj 8 ^\Ssȵk 8]sKW W TȻk.5
8 ^\SsWp Zp^sW iX]^° P DsZNW Wh\Wh ̇°ƛIp Y^ bȿk DȻk. 1875 Wj dh_\h5
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B_5iXD ƨN° P]\Wj ĤRDh^ \`. DsZNWWh ̆]hdsTj 1896\h5 ˴jdWj ^hKVhWj
?TҪd\h5 Xe°_j aES 8ȴkiWD B_5iXD ^\Ssȵk 5 8]sKW DȻk. :.d. 1900 Tj 8
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^\Ss\h5 \e_hB (ĘjB) XR [hF _pah _hFj. :.d. 1916, 1940 7Wp 1944 \h5 ̆T\
7Wp ĎSj] iaĖ ȻkćWh Dh^Rp B_5iXD ^\S 8]sĥS T]p_ W eSj. dWp 1924 Tj ib]hį B_5iXD ^\SsWj bĮ8S T:. 8 ̆iS]sFSh 16 Uads ɅkVj Ihɀk ^e° Jp . ?Wj
ӔU^ ?aj ^\Ss es] Jp Ȑ BJh\h5 BJh 25 U° bs\h5 ^\h] Jp . 8\h \h́ 7 (dhS)
^\Ss d\hap_ Jp . Sp WjIp ̆\hRp Jp .
¾ 8:d esD
¾ YF^ ƨD°NF
¾ ZpTh_sW
¾ ZsZ dpƣPF 7Tah ZsZƨ_pӗF
¾ ƣȻkD
¾ ƨXjP ƨD°NF
¾ ƨDӗF
Bƨ˼° _]h, ̇hƛd, ˴pN ̈NW, ˴jd ?N_p D° ƨaL^_pƛP ?ah Xh5I U° b Jp D° ȐRp
7Ɨ]h^ ɅkVj ̆Ɨ]pD B_iXD ^\Ss\h5 XsShWj N\ \sD_j Jp . ?aj K ^Sp ˴pN ̈NW iaĖWs ?D \h́ ?as U° b Jp ȐRp 7Ɨ]h^ ɅkVjWj ZVj B_iXD ^\S\h5 ƨaR½ XUD ĥƗ]h Jp . :.d. 1932 Wh _sd ?ƛK_d B_iXDWh ̆T\ ́R (3) iaȐShBWp XsP]\
(djQȵk\h Zsƈd) \h5 ;[h ^hEj ƨaR½, ^KS 7Wp Dh5dhȵk 5 XUD U° ahWj ̆Th bĮ T:.
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[h^Sp Xe°_jah^ 1920 Wh ?ƛNaX½ (ZpԓƣK]\) B_5iXD ^\STj d\^ B_5iXD ^\S\h5
[hF _jVs eSs. Sp aESp [h^SWp Ds: XUD \`p _ W eȱ k.
B_5iXD ƚaK:B_5iXD ƚaKȵk 5 iW\h½R :.d. 1913 \h5 TȻk5 eȱ k. ȩlW, 1914 \h5 Xp^d\h5 ƚaKȵk 5
;ȳu GhNW TȻk5 eȱ k5 7Wp :.d. 1920 Wh ?ƛNaX½ B_5iXD\h5 ƚaKWp Xe°_jah^ Y^Dhaah\h5
8ƥ]s. 8 ƚaK 3 \jN^ Xes`s 7Wp 2 \jN^ _h5Zs es] Jp . ?\h5 2.06 \jN^ X 60 dp.\j. [hF\h5 B_5iXDWh IƛɆu _hFp_h Jp .
8 IƛɆu\h5 Xh5I aȱ` ?DZjĤ\h5 d5D`h]p_h Jp , Ȑ iaĖWh 7_F-7_F E5Psȵk 5
½k
̆iSiWiVƗa D^° Jp . Sp WjIp ̆\hRp Jp . (ib]hį B_5iXD ^\SsWs ƚaK 7_F es] Jp .)
–