Theory of Errors and Least Squares Adjustment
Theory of Errors and Least Squares Adjustment
Huaan Fan
ISBN 91-7170-200-8 Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics 100 44 Stockholm Sweden August 2010
Theory of Errors and Least Squares Adjustment
Huaan Fan, PhD Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics Teknikringen 72, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 7907340 Fax: +46 8 7907343 E-mail: hfan@kth.se URL: http://www.infra.kth.se/impgg
With 22 illustrations and 49 numerical examples
ISBN 91-7170-200-8 Copyright c 1997 by Huaan Fan All Rights Reserved Geodesy Report No. 2015 TRITA-GEOFOTO 1997:21 Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 53 B, Stockholm October 1997, August 1998, August 1999, May 2000, August 2001, August 2003, October 2005, August 2006, August 2008, August 2009 Printed by AJ E-print AB, Oxtorgsgatan 8, 111 57 Stockholm. August 2010.
To the memory of my father
Fuguan Fan (1928-1996) who loved and inspired a geodesist
Preface
Theory of errors has been a well de…ned subject within geodesy, surveying and photogrammetry. Presently there are several masterpieces on this subject, such as the famous works by Bjerhammar (1973), Mikhail (1976) and Koch (1980), just to mention a few of them. However, the author still feels the need for a middle-level textbook in this …eld. A textbook that balances between practical applications and pure mathematical treatments; A textbook that integrates classical adjustment methods with modern developments in geodesy, surveying and photogrammetry. To meet the above need, an attempt was started in 1995 that has resulted in this compendium. Naturally, it is neither the author’ ambition nor within his capability to challenge those great works mentioned s above. The compendium will primarily be used for courses given at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
The compendium consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 deals with basic concepts in theory of errors,
Huaan Fan
ISBN 91-7170-200-8 Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics 100 44 Stockholm Sweden August 2010
Theory of Errors and Least Squares Adjustment
Huaan Fan, PhD Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics Teknikringen 72, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 7907340 Fax: +46 8 7907343 E-mail: hfan@kth.se URL: http://www.infra.kth.se/impgg
With 22 illustrations and 49 numerical examples
ISBN 91-7170-200-8 Copyright c 1997 by Huaan Fan All Rights Reserved Geodesy Report No. 2015 TRITA-GEOFOTO 1997:21 Printed by Universitetsservice AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 53 B, Stockholm October 1997, August 1998, August 1999, May 2000, August 2001, August 2003, October 2005, August 2006, August 2008, August 2009 Printed by AJ E-print AB, Oxtorgsgatan 8, 111 57 Stockholm. August 2010.
To the memory of my father
Fuguan Fan (1928-1996) who loved and inspired a geodesist
Preface
Theory of errors has been a well de…ned subject within geodesy, surveying and photogrammetry. Presently there are several masterpieces on this subject, such as the famous works by Bjerhammar (1973), Mikhail (1976) and Koch (1980), just to mention a few of them. However, the author still feels the need for a middle-level textbook in this …eld. A textbook that balances between practical applications and pure mathematical treatments; A textbook that integrates classical adjustment methods with modern developments in geodesy, surveying and photogrammetry. To meet the above need, an attempt was started in 1995 that has resulted in this compendium. Naturally, it is neither the author’ ambition nor within his capability to challenge those great works mentioned s above. The compendium will primarily be used for courses given at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH).
The compendium consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 deals with basic concepts in theory of errors,