Social Media
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Social media - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Social media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.[1] Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.[2] Furthermore, social media depends on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create , discuss, and modify user-generated content. It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities and individuals.[3] Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality,[4] reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence.[5] There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.[6] For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income, as discussed in Tang, Gu, and Whinston (2012).[7] Much of the criticism of social media are about its exclusiveness[citation needed] as most sites do not allow the transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that social media has positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet[8] while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships.[9] Most people associate social media with positive outcomes[citation needed], yet this is not always the case. Due to the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage of such media with cyber bullying, online sexual predators and the decrease in face-to-face interactions. Social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behaviors.[10] Geocities, created in 1994, was one of the first social media sites. The concept was for users to create their own websites, characterized by one of six "cities" that were known for certain characteristics. [11]
Contents
1 Classification of social media 2 Mobile social media 2.1 Mobile social media and business potential 3 Distinction from other media 4 Managing social media 4.1 Honeycomb Framework of Social Media 5 Building "social authority" and vanity 5.1 Internet usage effects 6 Global usage en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 1/16
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6.1 Impacts on history and memory 7 Criticisms 7.1 Exclusiveness 7.2 Disparity 7.3 Trustworthiness 7.4 Concentration 7.5 Few real impacts 7.6 Reliability 7.7 Ownership of social media content 7.8 Privacy 7.9 Loneliness 7.10 Positive effects 8 Patents 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links
Classification of social media
Social media technologies take on many different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microblogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking. Technologies include: blogs, picture-sharing, vlogs, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, music-sharing, Facebook is a key crowdsourcing and voice over IP, to name a few. Many of these services can be example of a social media integrated via social network aggregation platforms. By applying a set of theories in site, with over one billion the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes active users in October (self-presentation, self-disclosure) Kaplan and Haenlein created a classification 2012. scheme in their Business Horizons (2010) article, with six different types of social media: collaborative projects (for example, Wikipedia), blogs and microblogs (for example, Twitter), content communities (for example, YouTube and DailyMotion), social networking sites (for example, Facebook), virtual game worlds (e.g., World of Warcraft), and virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life). However, the boundaries between the different types have been increasingly blurred. For example, Shi, Rui and Whinston (2013) argues that Twitter, as a combination of broadcasting service and social network, is better to be classified as a "social broadcasting technology."[12]
Mobile social media
When social media is used in combination with mobile devices it is called mobile social media. Social media is a group of mobile marketing applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.[13] Due to the fact that mobile social media runs on mobile devices, it differentiates from traditional social media as it incorporates new factors such as the current location of the user (location-sensitivity) or the time delay between sending and receiving messages(time-sensitivity). According to Andreas Kaplan, mobile social media applications can be differentiated among four types:[13] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 2/16
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1. Space-timers (location and time sensitive): Exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location at one specific point-in time (e.g., Facebook Places; Foursquare) 2. Space-locators (only location sensitive): Exchange of messages, with relevance for one specific location, which are tagged to a certain place and read later by others (e.g., Yelp; Qype) 3. Quick-timers (only time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices to increase immediacy (e.g., posting Twitter messages or Facebook status updates) 4. Slow-timers (neither location, nor time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices (for example, watching a YouTube video or reading a Wikipedia entry)
Mobile social media and business potential
While traditional social media offer a variety of opportunities for companies in a wide range of business sectors, mobile social media makes use of the location- and time-sensitivity aspects of it in order to engage into marketing research, communication, sales promotions/discounts, and relationship development/loyalty programs.[13] Marketing research:Mobile social media applications offer data about offline consumer movements at a level of detail heretofore limited to online companies. Any firm can now know the exact time at which a customer entered one of its outlets, as well as comments made during the visit.[13] Communication:Mobile social media communication takes two forms, the first of which is company-toconsumer in which a company may establish a connection to a consumer based on its location and provide reviews about locations nearby. The second type of communication is user-generated content. For example, McDonald 's offered $5 and $10 gift cards to 100 users randomly selected among those checking in at one of the restaurants. This promotion increased check-ins by 33% (from 2,146 to 2,865), resulted in over 50 articles and blog posts, and prompted several hundred thousand news feeds and Twitter messages.[13] Sales promotions and discounts: While in the past customers had to use printed coupons, mobile social media allows companies to tailor promotions to specific users at specific times. For example, when launching its California-Cancun service, Virgin America offered users who checked in through Loopt at one of three designated Border Grill taco trucks in San Francisco and Los Angeles between 11 am and 3 pm on August 31, 2010, two tacos for $1 and two flights to Mexico for the price of one.[13] Relationship development and loyalty programs:In order to increase long term relationships with customers, companies are able to create loyalty programs that allow customers who check-in regularly at a location to earn discounts or perks such as American Eagle Outfitters that remunerates such customers with a tiered 10%, 15%, or 20% discount on their total purchase.[13] E-Commerce: Mobile social media applications such as Amazon.com and Pinterest are influencing an upward trend in the popularity and accessibility of e-commerce, or online purchases. [14] Business Marketing Analysts have stated that one of the key take aways of the Nielsen Company 's "State of the media: The social media report 2012"[6] is that more consumers are accessing social media content today via mobile platforms, especially apps.[15]
Distinction from other media
E-commerce businesses may refer to social media as consumer-generated media (CGM). A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value.[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 3/16
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People obtain information, education, news and other data from electronic and print media. Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media, such as newspapers, television, and film as they are comparatively inexpensive and accessible to enable anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information. Industrial media generally require significant resources to publish information as in most cases the articles goes through many revisions before being published. One characteristic shared by both social and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences; for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach no people or millions of people. Some of the properties that help describe the differences between social and industrial media are:[5] 1. Quality - In industrial(traditional) publishing—mediated by a publisher—the typical range of quality is substantially narrower than in niche, unmediated markets. The main challenge posed by content in social media sites is the fact that the distribution of quality has high variance: from very high-quality items to lowquality, sometimes abusive content.[4] 2. Reach – both industrial and social media technologies provide scale and are capable of reaching a global audience. Industrial media, however, typically use a centralized framework for organization, production, and dissemination, whereas social media are by their very nature more decentralized, less hierarchical, and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility.[5] 3. Frequency - the number of times an advertisement is displayed on social media platforms. 4. Accessibility – the means of production for industrial media are typically government and/or corporate (privately owned); social media tools are generally available to the public at little or no cost.[5] 5. Usability – industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training. Conversely, most social media production requires only modest reinterpretation of existing skills; in theory, anyone with access can operate the means of social media production.[5] 6. Immediacy – the time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long (days, weeks, or even months) compared to social media (which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses).[5] 7. Permanence – industrial media, once created, cannot be altered (once a magazine article is printed and distributed, changes cannot be made to that same article) whereas social media can be altered almost instantaneously by comments or editing.[5] Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media. Though community-owned, some community radio, TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use both social and industrial media frameworks. Social media has also been recognized for the way in which it has changed how public relations professionals conduct their jobs. It has provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas on companies, brands and products. As stated by Doc Searls and David Wagner, two authorities on the effects of Internet on marketing, advertising, and PR, "the best of the people in PR are not PR Types at all. They understand that there aren 't censors, they 're the company 's best conversationalists."[16] Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can converse, where PR professionals can promote their brand and improve their company 's image, by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their product.
Managing social media
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There is an increasing trend towards using social media monitoring tools that allow marketers to search, track and analyse conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest. This can be useful in PR management and campaign tracking, allowing the user to measure return on investment, competitor-auditing and general public engagement. Tools range from free, basic applications to subscription-based, more in-depth tools. The honeycomb framework defines how social media services focus on some or all of seven functional building blocks.[3] These building blocks help explain the engagement needs of the social media audience. For instance, LinkedIn users are thought to care mostly about identity, reputation and relationships, whereas YouTube’s primary features are sharing, conversations, groups and reputation. Many companies build their own social containers that attempt to link the seven functional building blocks around their brands. These are private communities that engage people around a more narrow theme, as in around a particular brand, vocation or hobby, rather than social media containers such as Google+ or Facebook and also Twitter. PR departments face significant challenges in dealing with viral negative sentiment directed at organizations or individuals on social media platforms (dubbed "sentimentitis"), which may be a reaction to an announcement or event.[17]
Honeycomb Framework of Social Media
According to Jan H. Kietzmann, the honeycomb framework of social media is based on the following functional building blocks:[3] Identity: The identity block represents the extent to which users reveal their identities in a social media setting. This can include disclosing information such as name, age, gender, profession, location, and also information that portrays users in certain ways.[3] Conversations: The conversations block of the framework represents the extent to which users communicate with other users in a social media setting. Many social media sites are designed primarily to facilitate conversations among individuals and groups. These conversations happen for all sorts of reasons. People tweet, blog, et cetera to meet new like-minded people, to find true love, to build their self-esteem, or to be on the cutting edge of new ideas or trending topics. Yet others see social media as a way of making their message heard and positively impacting humanitarian causes, environmental problems, economic issues, or political debates.[3] Sharing: Sharing represents the extent to which users exchange, distribute, and receive content. The term ‘social’ often implies that exchanges between people are crucial. In many cases, however, sociality is about the objects that mediate these ties between people; the reasons why they meet online and associate with each other.[3] Presence: The framework building block presence represents the extent to which users can know if other users are accessible. It includes knowing where others are, in the virtual world and/or in the real world, and whether they are available.[3] Relationships: The relationships block represents the extent to which users can be related to other users. By ‘relate,’ we mean that two or more users have some form of association that leads them to converse, share objects of sociality, meet up, or simply just list each other as a friend or fan.[3] Reputation:Reputation is the extent to which users can identify the standing of others, including themselves, in a social media setting. Reputation can have different meanings on social media platforms. In most cases, reputation is a matter of trust, but since information technologies are not yet good at determining such highly qualitative criteria, social media sites rely on ‘mechanical Turks’: tools that automatically aggregate usergenerated information to determine trustworthiness.[3] Groups:The groups functional block represents the extent to which users can form communities and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 5/16
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subcommunities. The more ‘social’ a network becomes, the bigger the group of friends, followers, and contacts.[3]
Building "social authority" and vanity
It is through this process of "building social authority" that social media becomes effective: One of the foundational concepts in social media has become that you cannot completely control your message through social media but rather you can simply begin to participate in the "conversation" expecting that you can achieve a significant influence in that conversation.[18] However, this conversation participation must be cleverly executed because while people are resistant to marketing in general, they are even more resistant to direct or overt marketing through social media platforms. This may seem counterintuitive but is the main reason building social authority with credibility is so important. A marketer can generally not expect people to be receptive to a marketing message in and of itself. In the Edelman Trust Barometer report (http://www.edelman.com/trust/2008/) in 2008, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported they most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" inferred to be information from someone they trusted. In the 2010 Trust Report (http://www.slideshare.net/slides_eoi/edelman-trust-barometer-2010), the majority switched to 64% preferring their information from industry experts and academics. According to Inc. Technology 's Brent Leary, "This loss of trust, and the accompanying turn towards experts and authorities, seems to be coinciding with the rise of social media and networks."[19][20]
Internet usage effects
An increasing number of scholars have sought to study and measure the impact of social media (such as the Museum of Social Media (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subject/code/000037/homepage/museum_of_social_media__home.htm)). A 2010 study by the University of Maryland suggested that social media services may be addictive,[21] and that using social media services may lead to a "fear of missing out," also known as the phrase "FOMO" by many students.[22] It has been observed that Facebook is now the primary method for communication by college students in the U.S.[23][24] According to Nielsen, global consumers spend more than six hours on social networking sites. "Social Media Revolution" produced by Socialnomics author Erik Qualman contains numerous statistics on social media including the fact that 93% of businesses use it for marketing and that if Facebook were a country it would be the third largest.[25] Several colleges and universities such as Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Columbia and Stanford among others have even introduced classes on best social media practices, preparing students for potential careers as digital strategists.[26] There are various statistics that account for social media usage and effectiveness for individuals worldwide. Some of the most recent statistics are as follows: Consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any other category of sites—roughly 20 percent of their total time online via personal computer (PC), and 30 percent of total time online via mobile.[6] Total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PCs and mobile devices increased 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012, compared to 88 billion in July 2011.[6] Facebook remains the most-visited social network in the U.S. via PC (152.2 million visitors), mobile apps (78.4 million users) and mobile web (74.3 million visitors), and is multiple times the size of the next largest en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 6/16
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social site across each platform.[6] 51% of people aged 25–34 used social networking in the office, more than any other age group.[6] On average, 47% of social media users engage in social care.[6] While the computer is still the primary device used to access social media despite dropping 4% in usage in 2012, the last year saw a significant increase in usage, most notably through tablets from 3% to 16%, internet enabled TVs from 2% to 4%.[6] People continue to spend more time on social networks than any other category of sites—20% of their time spent on PCs and 30% of their mobile time.[6] As of 2012, Facebook has 152,226,000 unique PC visitors and 78,388,000 unique mobile app visitors. Twitter reported 37,033,000 unique PC visitors and 22,620,000 unique mobile app visitors. Pinterest reported 27,223,000 unique PC visitors and 14,316,000 unique mobile web visitors. Google+ reported 26,201,000 unique PC visitors and 9,718,000 unique mobile app visitors.[6] A total of 234 million people age 13 and older in the U.S. used mobile devices in December 2009.[27] Twitter processed more than one billion tweets in December 2009 and averages almost 40 million tweets per day.[27] Over 25% of U.S. Internet page views occurred at one of the top social networking sites in December 2009, up from 13.8% a year before.[27] Australia has some of the highest social media usage in the world. In usage of Facebook, Australia ranks highest, with over nine million users spending almost nine hours per month on the site.[28] The number of social media users age 65 and older grew 100 percent throughout 2010, so that one in four people in that age group are now part of a social networking site.[29] As of May 2012 Facebook has 901 million users.[30] Social media has overtaken pornography as the No. 1 activity on the web.[31] In June 2011, it was reported that iPhone applications hit one billion in nine months, and Facebook added 100 million users in less than nine months.[31] In June 2011, it was also reported that U.S. Department of Education study revealed that online students out-performed those receiving face-to-face instruction.[31] YouTube is the second largest search engine in the world.[31] In four minutes and 26 seconds 100+ hours of video will be uploaded to YouTube.[31] One out of eight couples married in the U.S. last year met via social media according to statistics released June 2011.[31] One in six higher education students are enrolled in an online curriculum.[31] In November 2011, it was reported Indians spend more time on social media than on any other activity on the Internet.[32] 1 in 5 divorces are blamed on Facebook.[33] In a study conducted by the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, it was found that on average, any individual is just 12 hours of separation from another around the world, using social networking sites. [34] According to a report by Nielsen[35] “In the U.S. alone, total minutes spent on social networking sites has increased 83 percent year-over-year. In fact, total minutes spent on Facebook increased nearly 700 percent year-over-year, growing from 1.7 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 7/16
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billion minutes in April 2008 to 13.9 billion in April 2009, making it the No. 1 social networking site for the month.”
Global usage
According to the article "The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change" by Rita Safranek, “The Middle East and North Africa region has one of the most youthful populations in the world, with people under 25 making up between 35-45% of the population in each country. They make up the majority of social media users, including about 17 million Facebook users, 25,000 Twitter accounts and 40,000 active blogs, according to the Arab Advisors Group.” [36]
Impacts on history and memory
News media and television journalism have been instrumental in the shaping of American collective memory for much of the twentieth century.[37][38] Indeed, since the United States’ colonial era, public images and news media influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and national trauma. Journalistic influence is growing less important however, as social networking sites like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter provide a constant source of alternative news sources for users. In many ways, mainstream journalists have maintained an authoritative voice as the storytellers of the American past. Their documentary style narratives, detailed exposes, and their positions in the present make them prime sources for public memory. Specifically, news media journalists have shaped collective memory on nearly every major national event – from the deaths of social and political figures, to the progression of political hopefuls. Journalists provide elaborate descriptions of commemorative events in U.S. history and contemporary popular cultural sensations. Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through news media, as they are presented on popular news stations.[39] Nonetheless, as social networking becomes more popular among older and younger generations, sites like Facebook and YouTube gradually undermine the traditionally authoritative voices of news media. American citizens, for example, contest media coverage of various social and political events as they see fit, inserting their voices into the narratives about America’s past and present, and shaping their own collective memories.[40][41] One example of this is the public explosion of the Trayvon Martin shooting in Sanford, Florida. News media coverage of the incident was minimal until social media users made the story recognizable through their constant discussion of the case. In some ways, the spread of this tragic event through alternative news sources parallels that of the Emmitt Till - whose murder became a national story after it circulated African American and Communists newspapers. Approximately one month after the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, its online coverage by everyday Americans garnered national attention from mainstream media journalists, in turn exemplifying media activism. Social media was also influential in the widespread attention given to the revolutionary outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa during 2011.[42][43][44] However, there is some debate about the extent to which social media facilitated this kind of change.[45] Yet another example of this shift is in the on-going Kony 2012 campaign, which surfaced first on YouTube and later garnered a great amount of attention from mainstream news media journalists, who now monitor social media sites to inform their reports on the movement. In short, the growing social media trend is allowing greater participation in telling the stories of America’s past and present, and certainly, shaping its future. And although social media networking sites may be short-lived, they prove highly effective in helping the American public remember historic events and in shaping the meanings inscribed in those events. In the past couple of presidential elections the use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to predict election
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results. U.S. President Barack Obama was more liked on Facebook than his opponent Mitt Romney and it was found by a study done by Oxford Institute Internet Experiment that more people liked to tweet about comments of President Obama rather than Romney.[46]
Criticisms
British-American entrepreneur and author Andrew Keen criticizes social media in his book The Cult of the Amateur, writing, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."[47] This is also relative to the issue “justice” in the social network. For example, the phenomenon “Human flesh search engine” in Asia raised the discussion of “private-law” brought by social network platform.
Exclusiveness
Tim Berners-Lee contends that the danger of social networking sites is that most are silos and do not allow users to port data from one site to another. He also cautions against social networks that grow too big and become a monopoly as this tends to limit innovation.[48]
Disparity
Eric Ehrmann contends that social media in the form of public diplomacy creates a patina of inclusiveness that covers[49] traditional economic interests that are structured to ensure that wealth is pumped up to the top of the economic pyramid, perpetuating the digital divide and post Marxian class conflict. He also voices concern over the trend that finds social utilities operating in a quasi-libertarian global environment of oligopoly that requires users in economically challenged nations to spend high percentages of annual income to pay for devices and services to participate in the social media lifestyle. The phrase "Digital divide" was coined in 1996 by Lloyd Morrlsett, a founder of the Children 's Television Workshop and President of the Markle Foundation, to describe the chasm that purportedly separates information technology (IT) haves from have-nots in the US. As Virginia Eubanks explains the digital divide in terms of social structure that have-not side users don’t have much consumer power but the have side have the power. Money and labors go from the have-not to have. Neil Postman also contends that social media will increase an information disparity between winners - who are able to use the social media actively - and losers - who are not familiar with modern technologies.
Trustworthiness
Since large-scale collaborative co-creation is one of the main way forming information in the social network, Aniket Kittur and Bongowon Suh took Wiki under examination and indicated that, “One possibility is that distrust of wiki Content is not due to the inherently mutable nature of the system but instead to the lack of available information for judging trustworthiness.”[50]
Concentration en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 9/16
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From Nicholas Carr, “fast (Internet/social) media and deep slow thought don’t mix well.” As media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in 1960s, “Medias are not just passive channel of information.” “They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation.” However, there are several benefits brought from deep reading. For example, “our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connection that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged. ” But under need of convenience, we would not choose this nonrapid way.[51]
Few real impacts
From Malcolm Gladwell, “The role of social media in protests and revolutions is grossly overstated.” “It(social media) makes it easier for activists to express themselves ,and harder for that expression to have any impact.” Because “social networks are effective at increasing participation - by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires.” In other words, “it succeeds not by motivating people to make real sacrifice but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice.”[52]
Reliability
Evgeny Morozov, 2009-2010 Yahoo fellow at Georgetown University contends that the contents uploaded to Twitter may have little relevance to the rest of the people who do not use Twitter. On the article “Iran: Downside to the “Twitter Revolution”” in the magazine “Dissent” fall 2009,[53] he says, “Twitter only adds to the noise: it’s simply impossible to pack much context into its 140 characters. All other biases are present as well: in a country like Iran it’s mostly pro-Western, technology-friendly and iPod-carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter. They are a tiny and, most important, extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population (the number of Twitter users in Iran — a country of more than seventy million people.)” Even in the United States, the birth-country of Twitter, has only 107.7 million accounts(Media Bistro, 2012) in Twitter. Since there can be many multi-account users and there are more than 314.7 million population in U.S.(U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau., 2012), only limited groups of people use Twitter in U.S.. Indiana University dean and professor Matthew Auer casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that social media are open and participatory. He also speculates on the emergence of "anti-social media" used as "instruments of pure control".[54]
Ownership of social media content
Social media content is generated through social media interactions done by the users through the site. There has always been a huge debate on the ownership of the content on social media platforms since it is generated by the users and hosted by the company. Added to this is the danger to security of information, which can be leaked to third parties with economic interests in the platform, or parasites who comb the data for their own databases.[55]
Privacy
Privacy rights advocates warn users about uses for the information that can be gathered through social media. Some information is captured without the user 's knowledge or consent, such as through electronic tracking and third party application on social networks. Others include law enforcement and governmental use of this information.[56] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 10/16
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Additional privacy concerns regard the impact of social media monitoring by employers whose policies include prohibitions against workers ' postings on social networking sites.[57]
Loneliness
There has been much speculation, on and off the Internet, about the meaningfulness of human interactions created by social media. [58] Some of these views are summed up in an Atlantic article by Stephen Marche titled "Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?"[59] Sherry Turkle explores similar issues in her 2011 book Alone Together.[60] According to several clinics in the UK, social media addiction is a certifiable medical condition. One psychiatric consultant claims he treats as many as one hundred cases a year. [61]
Positive effects
In the book “Networked - The new social operating system” by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman, the two authors reflect on, mainly positive, effects of social media and other internet based social networks. According to the authors, social media is used to document memories, learn about and explore things, advertise oneself and form friendships. For instance, they claim that the communication through internet based services can be done more privately than in real life. As a concrete example of the positive effects of social media, they use the Egyptian revolution in 2011, where people used Facebook to gather meetings, protest actions, etc.[9]
Patents
Main article: Software patent There has been rapid growth in the number of US patent applications that cover new technologies related to social media, and the number of them that are published has been growing rapidly over the past five years. There are now over 2000 published patent applications.[63] As many as 7000 applications may be currently on file including those that haven 't been published yet. Only slightly over 100 of these applications have issued as patents, however, largely due to the multi-year backlog in examination of business method patents, patents which outline and claim new methods of doing business.[64]
See also
Brand infiltration Citizen media Coke Zero Facial Profiler Connectivism (learning theory) Human impact of Internet use Internet and political revolutions List of photo sharing websites List of video sharing websites en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media Number of US social network patent applications published and patents issued per year since 2003. [62]
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List of social networking websites Metcalfe 's law MMORPG Networked learning New media Online presence management Online research community Participatory media Social media marketing Social media surgery
References
1. ^ Ahlqvist, Toni; Bäck, A., Halonen, M., Heinonen, S (2008). "Social media road maps exploring the futures triggered by social media". VTT Tiedotteita - Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus (2454): 13. 2. ^ Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael, (2010), Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media, Business Horizons, Vol. 53, Issue 1 (page 61) 3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j H. Kietzmann, Jan; Kristopher Hermkens (2011). "Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media". Business Horizons 54: 241–251. 4. ^ a b Agichtein, Eugene; Carlos Castillo. Debora Donato, Aristides Gionis, Gilad Mishne (2008). "Finding highquality content in social media". WSDM '08 - Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining: 183–193. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h Nigel Morgan; Graham Jones; Ant Hodges. "Social Media" (http://www.thesocialmediaguys.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/03/CompleteGuidetoSocialMedia.pdf). The Complete Guide to Social Media From The Social Media Guys. Retrieved 12 December 2012. 6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "State of the media: The social media report 2012" (http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/social/2012/). Featured Insights, Global, Media + Entertainment. Nielsen. Retrieved 9 December 2012. 7. ^ Tang, Qian; Gu, Bin; Whinston, Andrew B. (2012). "Content Contribution for Revenue Sharing and Reputation in Social Media: A Dynamic Structural Model". Journal of Management Information Systems 29: 41–75. 8. ^ Kaplan Andreas M., Haenlein Michael, (2010), Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media, Business Horizons, Vol. 53, Issue 1 (page 67) 9. ^ a b Wellman, Barry (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. MIT. ISBN 0262017199. 10. ^ Ray, Munni. "Effect of Electronic Media on Children" (http://www.lib.umich.edu/articles/details/FETCHLOGICAL-c1141-77ca8b617088157d8525719159302e357cc9e8ca93e520729bdfdadbf588ffcd1). Springer-Verlag. Retrieved 4 February 2013. 11. ^ Walker, Miles. "The History of Social Networking" (http://www.webmasterview.com/2011/08/socialnetworking-history/). Retrieved 2/11/13. 12. ^ Shi, Zhan; Rui, Huaxia; Whinston, Andrew B. (forthcoming). "Content Sharing in a Social Broadcasting Environment: Evidence from Twitter". MIS Quarterly. 13. ^ a b c d e f g Kaplan, Andreas M. (March–April 2012). "If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681311001558). Business Horizons 55 (2): 129–139. Retrieved 9 December 2012. 14. ^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/gyro/2012/12/24/10-e-commerce-predictions-for-2013/ 15. ^ Fairley, Stephen (2012-12-07). "2012 Nielsen Social Media Report: It 's All About Mobile" (http://www.natlawreview.com/article/2012-nielsen-social-media-report-it-s-all-about-mobile). The National Law Review. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 16. ^ R. Levine, C. Locke, D. Searls, & D. Weinberger, Markets are conversations (http://www.cluetrain.com/book/markets.html), New York: Perseus, retrieved 2012-10-22 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 12/16
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17. ^ Dhami, Nav. "Outbreaks of sentimentitis – riding the social media tiger" (http://www.mediamonitors.co.nz/insights/blogs/categories/blog-global-connections/outbreaks-of-sentimentitisriding-the-social-media-tiger). Global Connections. Retrieved 12 December 2012. 18. ^ "Research Survey" (http://mprcenter.org/blog/2010/08/04/research-survey-launched-social-media-and-influenceof-photos-on-body-image/). Mprcenter.org. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 19. ^ "Inc. Technology Brent Leary Article" (http://technology.inc.com/internet/articles/201003/leary.html). Technology.inc.com. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 20. ^ "Edelman 2010 Trust Barometer Study" (http://www.edelman.com/trust/2010/). Edelman.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 21. ^ "Students Addicted to Social Media – New UM Study" (http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/sociss/release.cfm? ArticleID=2144). Retrieved 23 May 2011. 22. ^ "FOMO: The Unintended Effects of Social Media Addiction" (http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/SocialMedia-Is-Causing-Anxiety-and-Depression-122260279.html). Retrieved 23 May 2011. 23. ^ Harris, Kandace (2008). "Using Social Networking Sites as Student Engagement Tools". Diverse Issues in Higher Education 25 (18). 24. ^ "Statistics" (http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics). Facebook. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 25. ^ "Social Media Revolution Video" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0EnhXn5boM). Youtube. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 26. ^ "Top 100 Social Media Colleges-StudentAdvisor" (http://www.studentadvisor.com/top-100-social-mediacolleges). 27. ^ a b c "VentureBeat | Tech. People. Money" (http://digital.venturebeat.com/2010/02/10/54-of-us-internet-users-onfacebook-27-on-myspace/trackback/). Digital.venturebeat.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 28. ^ "Social Media Stats in Australia Facebook Blogger Myspace" (http://www.socialmedianews.com.au/social-mediastats-in-australia-facebook-blogger-myspace/). Socialmedianews.com. Retrieved 2012-10-22. 29. ^ "Boomers Joining Social Media at Record Rate" (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/15/national/main7055992.shtml). CBS News. 15 November 2010. 30. ^ Facebook 's S-1 filings with SEC 31. ^ a b c d e f g "Statistics" (http://www.socialnomics.net/2011/06/07/10-wow-social-media-statistics/). Socialnomics. Retrieved 16 June 2012. 32. ^ "Connecting and Engaging with Digital Indian Consumers | Nielsen Wire" (http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/global/connecting-and-engaging-with-digital-indian-consumers/). Blog.nielsen.com. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 33. ^ Tony Cooper, One in Five U.S. Divorces Fueled by Facebook, Social Media, Recent survey by AAML shows Facebook-related antics, extramarital activity burgeoning, San Diego News (http://www.sandiego.com/news/onein-five-u.s.-divorces-fueled-by-facebook-social-media) 34. ^ April 23 2013. "Anyone Can Be Found on Social Media in 12 Hours." http://mashable.com/2013/04/23/12-hoursseparation-social/ 35. ^ "Time Spent on Facebook up 700 Percent, but MySpace.com Still Tops for Video, According to Nielsen" (http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/press-room/2009/time_on_facebook.html). Nielsen.com. Retrieved 201210-22. 36. ^ Safranak, R. "The Emerging Role of Social Media in Regime Change" (http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/social_media/review.pdf). Proquest Discovery Guides. Retrieved 19 March, 2013. 37. ^ Kitch, Carolyn. "Anniversary Journalism, Collective Memory, and the Cultural Authority to Tell the Story of the American Past." Journal of Popular Culture, 2002: 44-67. 38. ^ Edy, Jill "Journalistic Uses of Collective Memory" Journal of Communication 1999:71-85 39. ^ Pajala, Mary. "Television as an Archive of Memory?" Critical Studies in Television, 2010: 133-145. 40. ^ Motti Neiger, Oren Meyers and Eyal Zandberg. On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age. New York : Palgrave MacMillan, 2011 41. ^ Barnhurst, Kevin, and Ellen Wartella. "Young Citizens, American TV Newscasts and the Collective Memory." Critical Studies in Mass Media, 1998: 279-305. 42. ^ Anderson, Nate; Technica, Ars (14 January 2011). "Tweeting Tyrants Out of Tunisia: Global Internet at Its Best" (http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/tunisia/). Wired. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 13/16
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(http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/tunisia/). Wired. 43. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (9 February 2011). "Wired and Shrewd, Young Egyptians Guide Revolt" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10youth.html?_r=1). The New York Times. 44. ^ 23 February 2011 (23 February 2011). "The Arab Uprising 's Cascading Effects" (http://www.millermccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/). Miller-mccune.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 45. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (1 March 2011). "Malcolm Gladwell and Clay Shirky on Social Media and Revolution, Foreign Affairs March/April 2011" (http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clayshirky/from-innovation-to-revolution). Foreignaffairs.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 46. ^ Fitzgerald, B. "Disappearing Romney" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/12/disappearing-romneywebsite_n_2117165.html). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 47. ^ Keen, Andrew. The Cult of the Amateur. Random House. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-385-52081-2. 48. ^ Berners, Tim (4 May 2011). "Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality" (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web). Scientific American. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 49. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-ehrmann/uruguay-prodded-to-end-ba_b_1144833.html 50. ^ "Aniket Kittur, Bongowon Suh, Ed H. Chi (2008) Can you ever trust a wiki? : Impacting perceived trustworthiness in wikipedia " (http://kittur.org/files/Kittur_2008_CSCW_TrustWiki.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 51. ^ "Nicholas Carr, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?-What the Internet is doing to our brains"" (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 52. ^ "Malcolm Gladwell, "Small Changes – Why the revolution will not be tweeted."" (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 53. ^ "Evgeny Morozov, Dissent, Vol 56, Number 4, Fall 2009, page 10-13" (http://muse.jhu.edu/login? auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/dss/v056/56.4.morozov.html). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 54. ^ "Auer, Matthew R. "The Policy Sciences of Social Media". Policy Studies Journal 39 (4): 709–736" (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1974080). Papers.ssrn.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 55. ^ "Jones, Soltren, Facebook: Threats to Privacy, MIT 2005" (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/student-papers/fall05-papers/facebook.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2012. 56. ^ "Social Networking Privacy: How to be Safe, Secure, and Social - Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" (http://www.privacyrights.org/social-networking-privacy). Retrieved 8 February 2013. 57. ^ "Social Media Monitoring - Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" (http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs7work.htm#socialmedia). Retrieved 8 February 2013. 58. ^ ""Social Autism or Evolution?"" (http://silvanacoronado.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Social-Autism.pdf). Florida International University. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. 59. ^ "Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?" (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/is-facebook-makingus-lonely/8930/). The Atlantic. May 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 60. ^ Turkle, Sherry (2011). Alone together why we expect more from technology and less from each other (Library ed. ed.). Old Saybrook, Conn.: Tantor. ISBN 1452631913. 61. ^ February 12, 2013. RTE News. "Social media addiction recognised as official condition" http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/2013/0212/367408-social-media-addiction-recognised-as-official-condition/ 62. ^ "Mark Nowotarski, "Do not Steal My Avatar! Challenges of Social Network Patents, IP Watchdog, January 23, 2011" (http://ipwatchdog.com/2011/01/23/don%E2%80%99t-steal-my-avatar-challenges-of-social-networkingpatents/id=14531/). Ipwatchdog.com. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 63. ^ "USPTO search on published patent applications mentioning "social media"" (http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearchadv.html&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PG01). Appft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 64. ^ "USPTO search on issued patents mentioning "social media"" (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser? Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearchadv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PTXT). Patft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 24 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 14/16
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Further reading
Rheingold, Howard (2002). Smart mobs: The next social revolution (http://www.amazon.co.uk/SmartMobs-Next-Social-Revolution/dp/0738206083) (1st printing ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7382-0608-0. Watts, Duncan J. (2003). Six degrees: The science of a connected age (http://www.amazon.co.uk/SixDegrees-Science-Connected-Age/dp/0099444968). London: Vintage. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-09-944496-1. Benkler, Yochai (2006). The Wealth of Networks. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30011056-1. OCLC 61881089 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61881089). Gentle, Anne (2012). Conversation and Community: The Social Web for Documentation (2nd ed.). Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press. ISBN 978-1-937434-10-6. OCLC 794490599 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794490599). Johnson, Steven Berlin (2005). Everything Bad Is Good for You. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 157322-307-7. OCLC 57514882 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57514882). Li, Charlene; Bernoff, Josh (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Press. ISBN 978-1-4221-2500-7. OCLC 423555651 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/423555651). Scoble, Robert; Israel, Shel (2006). Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-74719-X. OCLC 61757953 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61757953). Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0. OCLC 458788924 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/458788924). Surowiecki, James (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-72170-6. OCLC 156770258 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156770258). Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D. (2006). Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio. ISBN 1-59184-138-0. OCLC 318389282 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/318389282). Powell, Guy R.; Groves, Steven W.; Dimos, Jerry (2011). ROI of Social Media: How to improve the return on your social marketing investment. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-827413. OCLC 0470827416 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/0470827416). Jue, Arthur L., Jackie Alcalde Marr, Mary Ellen Kassotakis (2010). Social media at work : how networking tools propel organizational performance (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0470405437.
External links
Social Media: Establishing Criteria for Law Enforcement Use (http://www.fbi.gov/statsservices/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/2013/february/social-media-establishing-criteria-for-lawenforcement-use?utm_campaign=email-Immediate&utm_content=175293), FBI The Museum of Social Media (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/subject/code/000037/homepage/museum_of_social_media__home.htm) - Museum of scholarly articles on the rise and impact of social media
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&oldid=558272759" Categories: Social media Mass media Revolutionary tactics This page was last modified on 4 June 2013 at 11:30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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References: Further reading Rheingold, Howard (2002)
Social media - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Social media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.[1] Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.[2] Furthermore, social media depends on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create , discuss, and modify user-generated content. It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities and individuals.[3] Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality,[4] reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence.[5] There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.[6] For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income, as discussed in Tang, Gu, and Whinston (2012).[7] Much of the criticism of social media are about its exclusiveness[citation needed] as most sites do not allow the transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that social media has positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet[8] while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships.[9] Most people associate social media with positive outcomes[citation needed], yet this is not always the case. Due to the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage of such media with cyber bullying, online sexual predators and the decrease in face-to-face interactions. Social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behaviors.[10] Geocities, created in 1994, was one of the first social media sites. The concept was for users to create their own websites, characterized by one of six "cities" that were known for certain characteristics. [11]
Contents
1 Classification of social media 2 Mobile social media 2.1 Mobile social media and business potential 3 Distinction from other media 4 Managing social media 4.1 Honeycomb Framework of Social Media 5 Building "social authority" and vanity 5.1 Internet usage effects 6 Global usage en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 1/16
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6.1 Impacts on history and memory 7 Criticisms 7.1 Exclusiveness 7.2 Disparity 7.3 Trustworthiness 7.4 Concentration 7.5 Few real impacts 7.6 Reliability 7.7 Ownership of social media content 7.8 Privacy 7.9 Loneliness 7.10 Positive effects 8 Patents 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links
Classification of social media
Social media technologies take on many different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microblogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking. Technologies include: blogs, picture-sharing, vlogs, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, music-sharing, Facebook is a key crowdsourcing and voice over IP, to name a few. Many of these services can be example of a social media integrated via social network aggregation platforms. By applying a set of theories in site, with over one billion the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes active users in October (self-presentation, self-disclosure) Kaplan and Haenlein created a classification 2012. scheme in their Business Horizons (2010) article, with six different types of social media: collaborative projects (for example, Wikipedia), blogs and microblogs (for example, Twitter), content communities (for example, YouTube and DailyMotion), social networking sites (for example, Facebook), virtual game worlds (e.g., World of Warcraft), and virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life). However, the boundaries between the different types have been increasingly blurred. For example, Shi, Rui and Whinston (2013) argues that Twitter, as a combination of broadcasting service and social network, is better to be classified as a "social broadcasting technology."[12]
Mobile social media
When social media is used in combination with mobile devices it is called mobile social media. Social media is a group of mobile marketing applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.[13] Due to the fact that mobile social media runs on mobile devices, it differentiates from traditional social media as it incorporates new factors such as the current location of the user (location-sensitivity) or the time delay between sending and receiving messages(time-sensitivity). According to Andreas Kaplan, mobile social media applications can be differentiated among four types:[13] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 2/16
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1. Space-timers (location and time sensitive): Exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location at one specific point-in time (e.g., Facebook Places; Foursquare) 2. Space-locators (only location sensitive): Exchange of messages, with relevance for one specific location, which are tagged to a certain place and read later by others (e.g., Yelp; Qype) 3. Quick-timers (only time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices to increase immediacy (e.g., posting Twitter messages or Facebook status updates) 4. Slow-timers (neither location, nor time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices (for example, watching a YouTube video or reading a Wikipedia entry)
Mobile social media and business potential
While traditional social media offer a variety of opportunities for companies in a wide range of business sectors, mobile social media makes use of the location- and time-sensitivity aspects of it in order to engage into marketing research, communication, sales promotions/discounts, and relationship development/loyalty programs.[13] Marketing research:Mobile social media applications offer data about offline consumer movements at a level of detail heretofore limited to online companies. Any firm can now know the exact time at which a customer entered one of its outlets, as well as comments made during the visit.[13] Communication:Mobile social media communication takes two forms, the first of which is company-toconsumer in which a company may establish a connection to a consumer based on its location and provide reviews about locations nearby. The second type of communication is user-generated content. For example, McDonald 's offered $5 and $10 gift cards to 100 users randomly selected among those checking in at one of the restaurants. This promotion increased check-ins by 33% (from 2,146 to 2,865), resulted in over 50 articles and blog posts, and prompted several hundred thousand news feeds and Twitter messages.[13] Sales promotions and discounts: While in the past customers had to use printed coupons, mobile social media allows companies to tailor promotions to specific users at specific times. For example, when launching its California-Cancun service, Virgin America offered users who checked in through Loopt at one of three designated Border Grill taco trucks in San Francisco and Los Angeles between 11 am and 3 pm on August 31, 2010, two tacos for $1 and two flights to Mexico for the price of one.[13] Relationship development and loyalty programs:In order to increase long term relationships with customers, companies are able to create loyalty programs that allow customers who check-in regularly at a location to earn discounts or perks such as American Eagle Outfitters that remunerates such customers with a tiered 10%, 15%, or 20% discount on their total purchase.[13] E-Commerce: Mobile social media applications such as Amazon.com and Pinterest are influencing an upward trend in the popularity and accessibility of e-commerce, or online purchases. [14] Business Marketing Analysts have stated that one of the key take aways of the Nielsen Company 's "State of the media: The social media report 2012"[6] is that more consumers are accessing social media content today via mobile platforms, especially apps.[15]
Distinction from other media
E-commerce businesses may refer to social media as consumer-generated media (CGM). A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value.[5] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 3/16
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People obtain information, education, news and other data from electronic and print media. Social media are distinct from industrial or traditional media, such as newspapers, television, and film as they are comparatively inexpensive and accessible to enable anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information. Industrial media generally require significant resources to publish information as in most cases the articles goes through many revisions before being published. One characteristic shared by both social and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences; for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach no people or millions of people. Some of the properties that help describe the differences between social and industrial media are:[5] 1. Quality - In industrial(traditional) publishing—mediated by a publisher—the typical range of quality is substantially narrower than in niche, unmediated markets. The main challenge posed by content in social media sites is the fact that the distribution of quality has high variance: from very high-quality items to lowquality, sometimes abusive content.[4] 2. Reach – both industrial and social media technologies provide scale and are capable of reaching a global audience. Industrial media, however, typically use a centralized framework for organization, production, and dissemination, whereas social media are by their very nature more decentralized, less hierarchical, and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility.[5] 3. Frequency - the number of times an advertisement is displayed on social media platforms. 4. Accessibility – the means of production for industrial media are typically government and/or corporate (privately owned); social media tools are generally available to the public at little or no cost.[5] 5. Usability – industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training. Conversely, most social media production requires only modest reinterpretation of existing skills; in theory, anyone with access can operate the means of social media production.[5] 6. Immediacy – the time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long (days, weeks, or even months) compared to social media (which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses).[5] 7. Permanence – industrial media, once created, cannot be altered (once a magazine article is printed and distributed, changes cannot be made to that same article) whereas social media can be altered almost instantaneously by comments or editing.[5] Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media. Though community-owned, some community radio, TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use both social and industrial media frameworks. Social media has also been recognized for the way in which it has changed how public relations professionals conduct their jobs. It has provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas on companies, brands and products. As stated by Doc Searls and David Wagner, two authorities on the effects of Internet on marketing, advertising, and PR, "the best of the people in PR are not PR Types at all. They understand that there aren 't censors, they 're the company 's best conversationalists."[16] Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can converse, where PR professionals can promote their brand and improve their company 's image, by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their product.
Managing social media
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There is an increasing trend towards using social media monitoring tools that allow marketers to search, track and analyse conversation on the web about their brand or about topics of interest. This can be useful in PR management and campaign tracking, allowing the user to measure return on investment, competitor-auditing and general public engagement. Tools range from free, basic applications to subscription-based, more in-depth tools. The honeycomb framework defines how social media services focus on some or all of seven functional building blocks.[3] These building blocks help explain the engagement needs of the social media audience. For instance, LinkedIn users are thought to care mostly about identity, reputation and relationships, whereas YouTube’s primary features are sharing, conversations, groups and reputation. Many companies build their own social containers that attempt to link the seven functional building blocks around their brands. These are private communities that engage people around a more narrow theme, as in around a particular brand, vocation or hobby, rather than social media containers such as Google+ or Facebook and also Twitter. PR departments face significant challenges in dealing with viral negative sentiment directed at organizations or individuals on social media platforms (dubbed "sentimentitis"), which may be a reaction to an announcement or event.[17]
Honeycomb Framework of Social Media
According to Jan H. Kietzmann, the honeycomb framework of social media is based on the following functional building blocks:[3] Identity: The identity block represents the extent to which users reveal their identities in a social media setting. This can include disclosing information such as name, age, gender, profession, location, and also information that portrays users in certain ways.[3] Conversations: The conversations block of the framework represents the extent to which users communicate with other users in a social media setting. Many social media sites are designed primarily to facilitate conversations among individuals and groups. These conversations happen for all sorts of reasons. People tweet, blog, et cetera to meet new like-minded people, to find true love, to build their self-esteem, or to be on the cutting edge of new ideas or trending topics. Yet others see social media as a way of making their message heard and positively impacting humanitarian causes, environmental problems, economic issues, or political debates.[3] Sharing: Sharing represents the extent to which users exchange, distribute, and receive content. The term ‘social’ often implies that exchanges between people are crucial. In many cases, however, sociality is about the objects that mediate these ties between people; the reasons why they meet online and associate with each other.[3] Presence: The framework building block presence represents the extent to which users can know if other users are accessible. It includes knowing where others are, in the virtual world and/or in the real world, and whether they are available.[3] Relationships: The relationships block represents the extent to which users can be related to other users. By ‘relate,’ we mean that two or more users have some form of association that leads them to converse, share objects of sociality, meet up, or simply just list each other as a friend or fan.[3] Reputation:Reputation is the extent to which users can identify the standing of others, including themselves, in a social media setting. Reputation can have different meanings on social media platforms. In most cases, reputation is a matter of trust, but since information technologies are not yet good at determining such highly qualitative criteria, social media sites rely on ‘mechanical Turks’: tools that automatically aggregate usergenerated information to determine trustworthiness.[3] Groups:The groups functional block represents the extent to which users can form communities and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 5/16
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subcommunities. The more ‘social’ a network becomes, the bigger the group of friends, followers, and contacts.[3]
Building "social authority" and vanity
It is through this process of "building social authority" that social media becomes effective: One of the foundational concepts in social media has become that you cannot completely control your message through social media but rather you can simply begin to participate in the "conversation" expecting that you can achieve a significant influence in that conversation.[18] However, this conversation participation must be cleverly executed because while people are resistant to marketing in general, they are even more resistant to direct or overt marketing through social media platforms. This may seem counterintuitive but is the main reason building social authority with credibility is so important. A marketer can generally not expect people to be receptive to a marketing message in and of itself. In the Edelman Trust Barometer report (http://www.edelman.com/trust/2008/) in 2008, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported they most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" inferred to be information from someone they trusted. In the 2010 Trust Report (http://www.slideshare.net/slides_eoi/edelman-trust-barometer-2010), the majority switched to 64% preferring their information from industry experts and academics. According to Inc. Technology 's Brent Leary, "This loss of trust, and the accompanying turn towards experts and authorities, seems to be coinciding with the rise of social media and networks."[19][20]
Internet usage effects
An increasing number of scholars have sought to study and measure the impact of social media (such as the Museum of Social Media (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subject/code/000037/homepage/museum_of_social_media__home.htm)). A 2010 study by the University of Maryland suggested that social media services may be addictive,[21] and that using social media services may lead to a "fear of missing out," also known as the phrase "FOMO" by many students.[22] It has been observed that Facebook is now the primary method for communication by college students in the U.S.[23][24] According to Nielsen, global consumers spend more than six hours on social networking sites. "Social Media Revolution" produced by Socialnomics author Erik Qualman contains numerous statistics on social media including the fact that 93% of businesses use it for marketing and that if Facebook were a country it would be the third largest.[25] Several colleges and universities such as Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Columbia and Stanford among others have even introduced classes on best social media practices, preparing students for potential careers as digital strategists.[26] There are various statistics that account for social media usage and effectiveness for individuals worldwide. Some of the most recent statistics are as follows: Consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any other category of sites—roughly 20 percent of their total time online via personal computer (PC), and 30 percent of total time online via mobile.[6] Total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PCs and mobile devices increased 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012, compared to 88 billion in July 2011.[6] Facebook remains the most-visited social network in the U.S. via PC (152.2 million visitors), mobile apps (78.4 million users) and mobile web (74.3 million visitors), and is multiple times the size of the next largest en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 6/16
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social site across each platform.[6] 51% of people aged 25–34 used social networking in the office, more than any other age group.[6] On average, 47% of social media users engage in social care.[6] While the computer is still the primary device used to access social media despite dropping 4% in usage in 2012, the last year saw a significant increase in usage, most notably through tablets from 3% to 16%, internet enabled TVs from 2% to 4%.[6] People continue to spend more time on social networks than any other category of sites—20% of their time spent on PCs and 30% of their mobile time.[6] As of 2012, Facebook has 152,226,000 unique PC visitors and 78,388,000 unique mobile app visitors. Twitter reported 37,033,000 unique PC visitors and 22,620,000 unique mobile app visitors. Pinterest reported 27,223,000 unique PC visitors and 14,316,000 unique mobile web visitors. Google+ reported 26,201,000 unique PC visitors and 9,718,000 unique mobile app visitors.[6] A total of 234 million people age 13 and older in the U.S. used mobile devices in December 2009.[27] Twitter processed more than one billion tweets in December 2009 and averages almost 40 million tweets per day.[27] Over 25% of U.S. Internet page views occurred at one of the top social networking sites in December 2009, up from 13.8% a year before.[27] Australia has some of the highest social media usage in the world. In usage of Facebook, Australia ranks highest, with over nine million users spending almost nine hours per month on the site.[28] The number of social media users age 65 and older grew 100 percent throughout 2010, so that one in four people in that age group are now part of a social networking site.[29] As of May 2012 Facebook has 901 million users.[30] Social media has overtaken pornography as the No. 1 activity on the web.[31] In June 2011, it was reported that iPhone applications hit one billion in nine months, and Facebook added 100 million users in less than nine months.[31] In June 2011, it was also reported that U.S. Department of Education study revealed that online students out-performed those receiving face-to-face instruction.[31] YouTube is the second largest search engine in the world.[31] In four minutes and 26 seconds 100+ hours of video will be uploaded to YouTube.[31] One out of eight couples married in the U.S. last year met via social media according to statistics released June 2011.[31] One in six higher education students are enrolled in an online curriculum.[31] In November 2011, it was reported Indians spend more time on social media than on any other activity on the Internet.[32] 1 in 5 divorces are blamed on Facebook.[33] In a study conducted by the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, it was found that on average, any individual is just 12 hours of separation from another around the world, using social networking sites. [34] According to a report by Nielsen[35] “In the U.S. alone, total minutes spent on social networking sites has increased 83 percent year-over-year. In fact, total minutes spent on Facebook increased nearly 700 percent year-over-year, growing from 1.7 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 7/16
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billion minutes in April 2008 to 13.9 billion in April 2009, making it the No. 1 social networking site for the month.”
Global usage
According to the article "The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change" by Rita Safranek, “The Middle East and North Africa region has one of the most youthful populations in the world, with people under 25 making up between 35-45% of the population in each country. They make up the majority of social media users, including about 17 million Facebook users, 25,000 Twitter accounts and 40,000 active blogs, according to the Arab Advisors Group.” [36]
Impacts on history and memory
News media and television journalism have been instrumental in the shaping of American collective memory for much of the twentieth century.[37][38] Indeed, since the United States’ colonial era, public images and news media influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and national trauma. Journalistic influence is growing less important however, as social networking sites like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter provide a constant source of alternative news sources for users. In many ways, mainstream journalists have maintained an authoritative voice as the storytellers of the American past. Their documentary style narratives, detailed exposes, and their positions in the present make them prime sources for public memory. Specifically, news media journalists have shaped collective memory on nearly every major national event – from the deaths of social and political figures, to the progression of political hopefuls. Journalists provide elaborate descriptions of commemorative events in U.S. history and contemporary popular cultural sensations. Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through news media, as they are presented on popular news stations.[39] Nonetheless, as social networking becomes more popular among older and younger generations, sites like Facebook and YouTube gradually undermine the traditionally authoritative voices of news media. American citizens, for example, contest media coverage of various social and political events as they see fit, inserting their voices into the narratives about America’s past and present, and shaping their own collective memories.[40][41] One example of this is the public explosion of the Trayvon Martin shooting in Sanford, Florida. News media coverage of the incident was minimal until social media users made the story recognizable through their constant discussion of the case. In some ways, the spread of this tragic event through alternative news sources parallels that of the Emmitt Till - whose murder became a national story after it circulated African American and Communists newspapers. Approximately one month after the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, its online coverage by everyday Americans garnered national attention from mainstream media journalists, in turn exemplifying media activism. Social media was also influential in the widespread attention given to the revolutionary outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa during 2011.[42][43][44] However, there is some debate about the extent to which social media facilitated this kind of change.[45] Yet another example of this shift is in the on-going Kony 2012 campaign, which surfaced first on YouTube and later garnered a great amount of attention from mainstream news media journalists, who now monitor social media sites to inform their reports on the movement. In short, the growing social media trend is allowing greater participation in telling the stories of America’s past and present, and certainly, shaping its future. And although social media networking sites may be short-lived, they prove highly effective in helping the American public remember historic events and in shaping the meanings inscribed in those events. In the past couple of presidential elections the use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to predict election
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results. U.S. President Barack Obama was more liked on Facebook than his opponent Mitt Romney and it was found by a study done by Oxford Institute Internet Experiment that more people liked to tweet about comments of President Obama rather than Romney.[46]
Criticisms
British-American entrepreneur and author Andrew Keen criticizes social media in his book The Cult of the Amateur, writing, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."[47] This is also relative to the issue “justice” in the social network. For example, the phenomenon “Human flesh search engine” in Asia raised the discussion of “private-law” brought by social network platform.
Exclusiveness
Tim Berners-Lee contends that the danger of social networking sites is that most are silos and do not allow users to port data from one site to another. He also cautions against social networks that grow too big and become a monopoly as this tends to limit innovation.[48]
Disparity
Eric Ehrmann contends that social media in the form of public diplomacy creates a patina of inclusiveness that covers[49] traditional economic interests that are structured to ensure that wealth is pumped up to the top of the economic pyramid, perpetuating the digital divide and post Marxian class conflict. He also voices concern over the trend that finds social utilities operating in a quasi-libertarian global environment of oligopoly that requires users in economically challenged nations to spend high percentages of annual income to pay for devices and services to participate in the social media lifestyle. The phrase "Digital divide" was coined in 1996 by Lloyd Morrlsett, a founder of the Children 's Television Workshop and President of the Markle Foundation, to describe the chasm that purportedly separates information technology (IT) haves from have-nots in the US. As Virginia Eubanks explains the digital divide in terms of social structure that have-not side users don’t have much consumer power but the have side have the power. Money and labors go from the have-not to have. Neil Postman also contends that social media will increase an information disparity between winners - who are able to use the social media actively - and losers - who are not familiar with modern technologies.
Trustworthiness
Since large-scale collaborative co-creation is one of the main way forming information in the social network, Aniket Kittur and Bongowon Suh took Wiki under examination and indicated that, “One possibility is that distrust of wiki Content is not due to the inherently mutable nature of the system but instead to the lack of available information for judging trustworthiness.”[50]
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From Nicholas Carr, “fast (Internet/social) media and deep slow thought don’t mix well.” As media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in 1960s, “Medias are not just passive channel of information.” “They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought. And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation.” However, there are several benefits brought from deep reading. For example, “our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connection that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged. ” But under need of convenience, we would not choose this nonrapid way.[51]
Few real impacts
From Malcolm Gladwell, “The role of social media in protests and revolutions is grossly overstated.” “It(social media) makes it easier for activists to express themselves ,and harder for that expression to have any impact.” Because “social networks are effective at increasing participation - by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires.” In other words, “it succeeds not by motivating people to make real sacrifice but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice.”[52]
Reliability
Evgeny Morozov, 2009-2010 Yahoo fellow at Georgetown University contends that the contents uploaded to Twitter may have little relevance to the rest of the people who do not use Twitter. On the article “Iran: Downside to the “Twitter Revolution”” in the magazine “Dissent” fall 2009,[53] he says, “Twitter only adds to the noise: it’s simply impossible to pack much context into its 140 characters. All other biases are present as well: in a country like Iran it’s mostly pro-Western, technology-friendly and iPod-carrying young people who are the natural and most frequent users of Twitter. They are a tiny and, most important, extremely untypical segment of the Iranian population (the number of Twitter users in Iran — a country of more than seventy million people.)” Even in the United States, the birth-country of Twitter, has only 107.7 million accounts(Media Bistro, 2012) in Twitter. Since there can be many multi-account users and there are more than 314.7 million population in U.S.(U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau., 2012), only limited groups of people use Twitter in U.S.. Indiana University dean and professor Matthew Auer casts doubt on the conventional wisdom that social media are open and participatory. He also speculates on the emergence of "anti-social media" used as "instruments of pure control".[54]
Ownership of social media content
Social media content is generated through social media interactions done by the users through the site. There has always been a huge debate on the ownership of the content on social media platforms since it is generated by the users and hosted by the company. Added to this is the danger to security of information, which can be leaked to third parties with economic interests in the platform, or parasites who comb the data for their own databases.[55]
Privacy
Privacy rights advocates warn users about uses for the information that can be gathered through social media. Some information is captured without the user 's knowledge or consent, such as through electronic tracking and third party application on social networks. Others include law enforcement and governmental use of this information.[56] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 10/16
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Additional privacy concerns regard the impact of social media monitoring by employers whose policies include prohibitions against workers ' postings on social networking sites.[57]
Loneliness
There has been much speculation, on and off the Internet, about the meaningfulness of human interactions created by social media. [58] Some of these views are summed up in an Atlantic article by Stephen Marche titled "Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?"[59] Sherry Turkle explores similar issues in her 2011 book Alone Together.[60] According to several clinics in the UK, social media addiction is a certifiable medical condition. One psychiatric consultant claims he treats as many as one hundred cases a year. [61]
Positive effects
In the book “Networked - The new social operating system” by Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman, the two authors reflect on, mainly positive, effects of social media and other internet based social networks. According to the authors, social media is used to document memories, learn about and explore things, advertise oneself and form friendships. For instance, they claim that the communication through internet based services can be done more privately than in real life. As a concrete example of the positive effects of social media, they use the Egyptian revolution in 2011, where people used Facebook to gather meetings, protest actions, etc.[9]
Patents
Main article: Software patent There has been rapid growth in the number of US patent applications that cover new technologies related to social media, and the number of them that are published has been growing rapidly over the past five years. There are now over 2000 published patent applications.[63] As many as 7000 applications may be currently on file including those that haven 't been published yet. Only slightly over 100 of these applications have issued as patents, however, largely due to the multi-year backlog in examination of business method patents, patents which outline and claim new methods of doing business.[64]
See also
Brand infiltration Citizen media Coke Zero Facial Profiler Connectivism (learning theory) Human impact of Internet use Internet and political revolutions List of photo sharing websites List of video sharing websites en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media Number of US social network patent applications published and patents issued per year since 2003. [62]
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List of social networking websites Metcalfe 's law MMORPG Networked learning New media Online presence management Online research community Participatory media Social media marketing Social media surgery
References
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(http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/tunisia/). Wired. 43. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (9 February 2011). "Wired and Shrewd, Young Egyptians Guide Revolt" (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10youth.html?_r=1). The New York Times. 44. ^ 23 February 2011 (23 February 2011). "The Arab Uprising 's Cascading Effects" (http://www.millermccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/). Miller-mccune.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 45. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (1 March 2011). "Malcolm Gladwell and Clay Shirky on Social Media and Revolution, Foreign Affairs March/April 2011" (http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clayshirky/from-innovation-to-revolution). Foreignaffairs.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 46. ^ Fitzgerald, B. "Disappearing Romney" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/12/disappearing-romneywebsite_n_2117165.html). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 47. ^ Keen, Andrew. The Cult of the Amateur. Random House. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-385-52081-2. 48. ^ Berners, Tim (4 May 2011). "Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality" (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web). Scientific American. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 49. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-ehrmann/uruguay-prodded-to-end-ba_b_1144833.html 50. ^ "Aniket Kittur, Bongowon Suh, Ed H. Chi (2008) Can you ever trust a wiki? : Impacting perceived trustworthiness in wikipedia " (http://kittur.org/files/Kittur_2008_CSCW_TrustWiki.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 51. ^ "Nicholas Carr, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?-What the Internet is doing to our brains"" (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 52. ^ "Malcolm Gladwell, "Small Changes – Why the revolution will not be tweeted."" (http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 53. ^ "Evgeny Morozov, Dissent, Vol 56, Number 4, Fall 2009, page 10-13" (http://muse.jhu.edu/login? auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/dss/v056/56.4.morozov.html). Retrieved 15 November 2012. 54. ^ "Auer, Matthew R. "The Policy Sciences of Social Media". Policy Studies Journal 39 (4): 709–736" (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1974080). Papers.ssrn.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 55. ^ "Jones, Soltren, Facebook: Threats to Privacy, MIT 2005" (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/student-papers/fall05-papers/facebook.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2012. 56. ^ "Social Networking Privacy: How to be Safe, Secure, and Social - Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" (http://www.privacyrights.org/social-networking-privacy). Retrieved 8 February 2013. 57. ^ "Social Media Monitoring - Privacy Rights Clearinghouse" (http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs7work.htm#socialmedia). Retrieved 8 February 2013. 58. ^ ""Social Autism or Evolution?"" (http://silvanacoronado.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Social-Autism.pdf). Florida International University. 20 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2013. 59. ^ "Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?" (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/is-facebook-makingus-lonely/8930/). The Atlantic. May 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012. 60. ^ Turkle, Sherry (2011). Alone together why we expect more from technology and less from each other (Library ed. ed.). Old Saybrook, Conn.: Tantor. ISBN 1452631913. 61. ^ February 12, 2013. RTE News. "Social media addiction recognised as official condition" http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/2013/0212/367408-social-media-addiction-recognised-as-official-condition/ 62. ^ "Mark Nowotarski, "Do not Steal My Avatar! Challenges of Social Network Patents, IP Watchdog, January 23, 2011" (http://ipwatchdog.com/2011/01/23/don%E2%80%99t-steal-my-avatar-challenges-of-social-networkingpatents/id=14531/). Ipwatchdog.com. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 63. ^ "USPTO search on published patent applications mentioning "social media"" (http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearchadv.html&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PG01). Appft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2012. 64. ^ "USPTO search on issued patents mentioning "social media"" (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser? Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearchadv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PTXT). Patft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 24 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media 14/16
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Social media - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PTXT). Patft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Further reading
Rheingold, Howard (2002). Smart mobs: The next social revolution (http://www.amazon.co.uk/SmartMobs-Next-Social-Revolution/dp/0738206083) (1st printing ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7382-0608-0. Watts, Duncan J. (2003). Six degrees: The science of a connected age (http://www.amazon.co.uk/SixDegrees-Science-Connected-Age/dp/0099444968). London: Vintage. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-09-944496-1. Benkler, Yochai (2006). The Wealth of Networks. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-30011056-1. OCLC 61881089 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61881089). Gentle, Anne (2012). Conversation and Community: The Social Web for Documentation (2nd ed.). Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press. ISBN 978-1-937434-10-6. OCLC 794490599 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794490599). Johnson, Steven Berlin (2005). Everything Bad Is Good for You. New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 157322-307-7. OCLC 57514882 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57514882). Li, Charlene; Bernoff, Josh (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies. Boston: Harvard Business Press. ISBN 978-1-4221-2500-7. OCLC 423555651 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/423555651). Scoble, Robert; Israel, Shel (2006). Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-74719-X. OCLC 61757953 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61757953). Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0. OCLC 458788924 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/458788924). Surowiecki, James (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-72170-6. OCLC 156770258 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156770258). Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D. (2006). Wikinomics. New York: Portfolio. ISBN 1-59184-138-0. OCLC 318389282 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/318389282). Powell, Guy R.; Groves, Steven W.; Dimos, Jerry (2011). ROI of Social Media: How to improve the return on your social marketing investment. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-827413. OCLC 0470827416 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/0470827416). Jue, Arthur L., Jackie Alcalde Marr, Mary Ellen Kassotakis (2010). Social media at work : how networking tools propel organizational performance (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0470405437.
External links
Social Media: Establishing Criteria for Law Enforcement Use (http://www.fbi.gov/statsservices/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/2013/february/social-media-establishing-criteria-for-lawenforcement-use?utm_campaign=email-Immediate&utm_content=175293), FBI The Museum of Social Media (http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/subject/code/000037/homepage/museum_of_social_media__home.htm) - Museum of scholarly articles on the rise and impact of social media
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
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Social media - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&oldid=558272759" Categories: Social media Mass media Revolutionary tactics This page was last modified on 4 June 2013 at 11:30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
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References: Further reading Rheingold, Howard (2002)
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