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A Literature review of randomised controlled trials evaluating
the effect of mother/baby skin-to-skin care on successful breast-feeding

Abstract

Review: A critical literature review of the evidence about the effects of mothers and newborns early Skin-to-Skin contact on breast-feeding behavior.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO), in 2003 recommended that babies should be fed exclusively on breast milk until six months of age. Several studies support that early (within the first hour after birth) and frequent breastfeeding it is ideal for both, mother and baby and that this mothers will breastfeed for longer duration (Ekströn et al. 2003, Palmer, 2009, Riordan, 2005).
Objectives: To asses current research for early skin to skin effects on successful breastfeeding.

Search methods: The following databases were used: The Cochrane Library: CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, MIDIRS, Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group’s Trials Register.
Selection Criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in which early skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their healthy full term babies was compared to late after birth contact.
Data Collection and Analysis: The author critically reviewed the articles using Offredy & Vickers (2010) critique Model
Main Results: Once the literature search was completed, 4 Randomised Controlled Trials were eligible to answer the research question and write the review.

Author Conclusions: the findings of this literature review fail to support the evidence of the effects of SSC on breastfeeding success and duration. The review highlights the need for further primary research to assess the effect of skin-to-skin contact on the breast-feeding experience. No unfavorable consequences were found.

Introduction

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) currently recommend that women should be encouraged to have skin-to-skin contact (placing the naked baby on the mother’s bare



References: Anderson G,Moore E,Hepworth J,Bergman N. (2001) Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their Aveyard, H. (2010) Literature review in Health and Social Care. A practical guide. Open University Press. Glasgow. Clarke, M., Oxman A. (2002) Cochrane Reviewer’s Handbook. The Cochrane Collaboration. Avalaible from: www.cochrane.dk/cochrane/handbook.htm. [Accessed 22nd March 2013]. Dennis C. L. (2002). Breastfeeding initiation and duration: A 1990–2000 literature review. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 31(1):12–32. Duckett L, Henly S., Garvis M. (1993) Predicting breast-feeding duration during the postpartum hospitalization. Western Journal of Nursing Research. (15) p. 177-198. Ekström, A., Widström, A.M., Nissen, E. (2003) ‘Duration of breastfeeding in Swedish primiparous and multiparous women’. J Hum Lact. 19 (2) p. 172-178. Gerrish, K., Lacey, A. (2009) The Research Process in Nursing (5th edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Hodnett,E.,Kaufman,K., O’Brien-Pallas,L.,Chipman,M., Watson-Mac Donnel, J., Hunsburger W. (1996) ‘A strategy to promote research-based nursing care: effects on childbirth outcomes’ .Researching Nursing and Health,19: 13–20 Hung, K Khan S.K., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., Antes, G. (2003) Systematic Reviews to Support Evidence- based Medicine. Oxford: The Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited. Klaus, M. H., Jerauld, R., Kreger, N. C., McAlpine, W., Steffa, M., & Kennell, J. H. (1972). ‘Maternal attachment. Importance of the first post-partum days’. New England Journal of Medicine, 286(9), 460–463. Mahmood I., Mahmood J., Khan N. (2011) ‘Effect of mother-infant early skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding status: a randomized controlled trial’ Journal of The Collegue of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. (10) 601-5. Matthews, M., (1988). ‘Developing an instrument to assess infant breastfeeding behavior in early neonatal period’. Midwifery 4, 154–165. Matthews M.K. (1991) ‘Mother’s satisfaction with their neonate’s breastfeeding behaviors’. Journal of Obstetric Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing; 20:49 –55. Mizuno K, Mizuno N, Shinohara T, Noda M. (2004) ‘Mother-infant skin-to- skin contact after delivery results in early recognition of own mother’s milk odour’. Acta Paediatrica;93(12):1640–5. Moore E.R., Anderson G [Accessed 10th February 2013] NICE Clinical guidelines (2006) Postnatal care: Routine postnatal care of woman and their babies Offredy M., Vickers P. (2010) Developing a Healthcare Research Proposal; An Interactive Student Guide. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell Parahoo, K., (2006) Palmer, G. (2009) The Politics of Breastfeeding. When breast are bad for business. London: Printer and Martin LTD. Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T. (2010) Nursing Research Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (7th edition). London: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Saratakos, S. (2005) Social Research. 3rd. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Vaidya K, Sharma A, Dhungel S. (2005) Nepal Effect of early mother-baby close contact over the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Medical College Journal: NMCJ 2005 (7) 138–40. Watson R., McKenna H., Cowmans S., Keady J. (2008) Nursing Research Principles and Methods (7th edition) Philadelphia USA,Elsevier. WHO (1990) Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding. Florence. WHO .Available from: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/innocenti.htm [Accessed 26th November 2012]. WHO/UNICEF (1992). Baby Friendly Hospital Iniciative Part II. Hospital Level Implementation. Geneva. WHO/UNICEF. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/BFHI_2009_s3.1and2.pdf [Accessed 26th November 2012]. WHO (2000) WHO Technical Consultant’s Statement on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. British Medical Journal, 321: 958. WHO. Expert consultation on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/infantfeeding_recommendation/en/ [Accessed 13th February, 2013]. Winberg, J. A. N. (2005). ‘Mother and newborn baby: mutual regulation of physiology and behavior--a selective review’. Developmental psychobiology, 47(3), 217–29 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, G.C. McBride, M. R., Dahm, J., Ellis, M. K., Vidyasagar, D. (1982) ‘Development of suckling in term infants from birth to four hours post birth’. Research in Nursing and Health. 5 (1) p. 21-27. Anderson G, Moore E, Hepworth J, Bergman N. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD003519. Brayford, D., Chambers, R., Boath, E., Rogers, D. (2008) Evidence-based Care for Midwives (2nd edition). Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing. Britton, C., McCormick, F.M., Renfrew, M.J. Wade A., King SE. (2007) ‘Support for Breastfeeding mothers’. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Chichester. John Wiley & Sons. Carfoot S, Williamson PR, Dickson R Colson S. (2007) ‘The physiology of lactation revisited’. The Practising Midwife. 10(10) 14-18.

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