MALINOWSKI,ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND FUNCTIOALISM

MALINOWSKI,ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND FUNCTIOALISM Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski was born in Poland on April7, 1884. His father,a professor of Slavic philology at Jagellonian University.His mother was from culturel landowning family.Malinowski who is Polish-British antropologist,educated in Kracow,Leipzig and at the London School of Economics. From 1924 he was assistant professor in the University of London. He became a professor in 1927. He taught at Yale University from 1939 until his death.. The most important-and four-year-long investigation, made on the natives of New Guinea Islands.After the end of the war, the history of anthropology,which is probably the most revolutionary work wrote Argonauts of Wetern Pasific.And it was during this period that he began his signature work among the Trobriand Islanders,studying kinship,trade,the practical purposes of ritual and religion,as well as the intersection between cultural ideas and actual daily behaviours.(www.nndb.com) Malinowski helped develop the field of anthropology from a primarily evolutionary focus into sociological and psychological fields of enquiry. Malinowski’s ideas and methodologies came to be widely embraced by the Boasian influenced school of American Anthropology,making him one of the most influential anthropologist of the 20th century. Malinowski is the pionneer of anthropologist in living primitive tribes.Due to he want to do healthy observations for own researches,he saw necessary in this situation.Malinowski stayed four years in Trobriands Islands and he observed local people’s traditions and lifes.Malionawski has complied very interesting information about family structure,social and sexual relationship in there.After returned to London, From 1910 worked as a research assistant at London School of Economics near the G.G Salisman and he gained theoretical knowledge from his trainer.When war began ,he participated British association’s meeting in Australia.He made investigation among indigenous people who live pre-civilization conditions.After return to London, he considered the lives of other tribes’ and he gave two work attempts to synthesize.One of them related ‘’ primitive psychology myth".Published in 1926,Malinowski defended the these opinion ‘’ beliefs, fairy tales, myths affect human psychology and social formations.’’ Even Malinowski accordance religious historian Fraser’s teachings, claimed that give rise to the magic technique.Malinowski published in 1927, ‘’in wild societies sexuality and repression’’.He solutions to the social relations that Trobriand natives in this examination.
Malinowski have tried to create a theory of the relationship between society and culture. He sought to understand the islanders’ ways of life in functional terms of how they created and maintained their society.(www.csiss.org) Malinowski 's findings is to give an idea of living on the social stage. Trobriand islands the prevailing social order "matriarchal" called and lineage, inheritance relations, kinship relations corresponds to a stage is determined by the constitution. Examination of wild populations remained far behind the historical development of mankind,this is a phenomenon which providing valuable tips disclosure of social stages.In Trobriand, kinship system is based on the main lineage. Everything is transferred to the main lineage. All marriages should be cross-cousins and in the tribes.Women live with children separate house with men. (www.civilisation.org)
Because of this in light of this research Malinowski critized Freud 's "Oedipus complex" theory.Malinowski argues that families all over the world don’t have oedipus complex.His studies of the Trobriand Islanders have often been cited as a challenge to Freud’s conviction that the Oedipus complex is a universal phenomenon.(www.newworldencyclopedia.org) Malinowski, tried to create a theory of the relationship between society and culture according to the natives’ way of life and laid the foundations of social anthropology. Althoght Malinowski human is animal although culturalism and sociality. Malinowski a table organized as follows to prove the similarity between human and animal. Basic requirements: food, nutrition, sleep, shelter, agreement, sexuality and confidence. Social institutions: farming, agriculture, bed, home, language, marriage and religion. Basic requirements shown in this table are the same for human and animal. But created social institutions are very different to provide these. Human physiological requirements is provided by various cultural institutions. Malinowski was one of two organizer,along with A.R.Radcliffe-Brown,of functıonalism.Radcliffe-Brownian functionalism focused on society,social system,functional integration,and synchronic study as opposed to the diachronism of the evolutionist and the American historicists.His theory held that acts,traditions,values,and other events in culture. This theory had a purpose for the continuation of the social system.Malinowski,focused on functional integration and synchronous study,but he put more emphasıs on the indivudual and on biological needs.
At first, functionalism as a theoretical approach developed in the 1950s, and started to be addressed by the proponents to be seen as a method of sociological.In the fact functıonalism is theoretical approach which first appearance in sociology. The pioneers of this theory Comte, Spencer and Durkheim. The two versions of functıonalism were influenced from French sociologist Emile Durkheim.Malinowski was exposed to the work of Durkheim early in his career.Malinowski agreed with Radcliffe-Brown about the functional integrity of cultural units which he called institutions. (www.stosowana.files.wordpress.com)
The purpose of institutions is to meet the seven basic human needs ;metabolism, reproduction,bodily comfort,safety,movement,growth,and health.Primary institutions provide for these needs and have personal,ideology,a legal charter,contiunity,and purpose.(www.birdünyabilgi.org)
Malinowski maintained that culture everywhere has the same aspect-material,economic,legal,religious,political,and linguistic.At the cultural level insititutions function to provide food,form kinship groups,satisfy bodily comforts,promote survival,release tensions,provide training,maintain health,and gratify sexual drive.By emphasizing the psychological basis of culture Malinowski hoped to provide a universal character to his theory.This differed from the functionalism of Radcliffe-Brown that emphasized social rather than biological needs;Radcliffe-Brown held that analysis should focus on the functıonal needs of society rather than on the indivudual. In shortly, Sociological functionalism, social phenomena an approach ,examined according to their functions in society.In order to explain social institutions, events and phenomena, customs and traditions,these idems can fulfill functions or roles that startin point of this method. Malinowski, the most important representative of the absolute functionalism. (www.makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com) Malinowski doesn’t discovered and opposed scientific evolutionary anthropology.Because accordin to Malinowski, evolutionists to prove their theories examine the items they want to take to handle it alone. According to Malinowski, every society has its own originality. Culture is the basis of integration. No culture, random, useless items are not available. Anthropological analysis of each function to distinguish the benefit of others. Malinowski stated, anthropology, social, cultural and psychological elements should address all because of one of these items in any of them, don’t understood without taking into account all of the others.(www.anthrotheory.pbworks.com) In conclusıon, Malinowski was a pioneer in many fields and certainly his work in applied anthropology was at the leading edge of the discipline in the 1930s. By the 1940s a strong basis for developing applied anthropology had been laid in many countries, especially in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Mexico, and the United States. Malinowski led the way to recognizing this relationship between ethnography and applied anthropology and theory formation.(www.stosowana.files.wordpress.com)Malinowski is the most important antropologists of the 20th and he is founder of functıonalısm. Important works are: "Crime and Custom in Savage Society" (1926), "Sex and Repression in Savage Society" (1926) and "The Dynamics of Culture Change" (1945).
REFERENCES
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References: http://sumananthromaterials.blogspot.com/2011/01/functionalism-and-structual.html?m=1(accessed on May 2,2013) http://www.birdunyabilgi.org/malinowski-bronislaw-2.(accessed on May 3,2013) Kuper, Adam. Anthropology and Anthropologists. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961.(accessed on April 30,2013) http://makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/functionalism-malinowski-radcliffe-brown-evans-pritchard-gluckman/ (accessed on May 2,2013) http://anthrotheory.pbworks.com./w/page/29531810/Functionalism (accessed on May 3,2013) Özbudun,S.,Şafak,B.(2012).Kuramlar/Kuramcılar.Ankara:Dipnot Yayınları.(accessed on April 28,2013) http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/98 (accessed on May 3,2013) http://www.civilisation.org.uk/trobriands/trobriands.htm) (accessed on May 3,2013) http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Oedipus_complex (accessed on May 3,2013)