Bibliography: Place of mind, Brian Cooney, Wadsworth Publishing; 1 edition (September 1, 1999)
Bibliography: Place of mind, Brian Cooney, Wadsworth Publishing; 1 edition (September 1, 1999)
This article is about the kidnapping of Carlina White. Carlina Renae White was born July 15, 1987 and was also known as Nejdra “Netty” Nance. Carlina White was a 23 year old US American citizen who had solved her own kidnapping case at the age of 23. This abduction was known to represent the longest known gap in a non –parental abduction where the victim was returned back to their parents. The story begins when Carlina was just 19 days old when her parents Carl Tyson and Joy white had taken Carlina to the hospital due to her having high fever on August 4, 1987. Unfortunately, they realized that Carlina had swallowed fluid during her delivery and had developed an infection. A woman had overseen Carlina while she was in the hospital however; she was not a hospital employee. This mysterious lady seemed to be normal and had then comforted the parents of Carlina three weeks before the abduction. Baby Carlina disappeared early one morning while the shifts were changing. Unfortunately, the cameras in the hospital where not operating, so the police had nothing to go on but a description from Joy and Carl. The baby was receiving antibiotics when the IV line was cut and she was abducted. One of the hospital guards said that she did recognize the same lady that Joy and Carl described; however, there was no baby with her. The police assumed that the baby could well have been hidden in her smock. This case became the first well known infant abduction from the New York hospital. The city of New York offered a $10,000 cash reward for the return of Carlina. The parents Joy and Carl quickly filed a 100 million dollar suit against the hospital in 1989, and received a 750,000 settlement in 1992. Carlina was raised by Annugetta Pettway in Bridgeport, Connecticut as Nejdra Nance. Throughout the years Carlina grew suspicious because she had no social security card and a forged birth certificate by her assumed mother Annugetta. Carlina also…
I strongly disagree with Searle’s concept in “strong Al” which suggests that, indeed a well-programmed computer can function as a brain, due to their artificial intelligence that can even explain and understand what we cannot comprehend. In addition, he believes that computers do possess cognitive states. However, he objects using…
1.11) “Surely computers cannot be intelligent—they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former?…
Brutt-Griffler, J. (1998). Conceptual questions in English as a world language: Taking up an issue. World Englishes, 17(3), 381-392.…
According to Philosophy Here and Now, the mind-body issue is the issue of what mental phenomena truly are and how they identify with the physical world. It doubts the connections between the physical body and the nonphysical mind. One theory called functionalism recommends that the mind is the capacities that the brain performs and depicts the basic substance of mental states. This hypothesis overlooks what stuff makes up the brain and rather, concentrates on what data goes into the mind and comes out of it. John Searle, a pronounced philosopher, addresses the thought of the brain resembling a PC. He contends that the mind is able to think and comprehend data unlike that of a computer. Also, he states that computers handle images by their physical…
Cited: Hyakawa, S.I., Hayakawa, Alan. Language in Thought and Action. San Diego: Harcourt, 1991. Print.…
“We learned that a bright button is weightier than four volumes of Schopenhaur. At first astonished, then embittered, and finally indifferent, we recognized that what matters is not the mind but the boot brush, not intelligence but the system, not freedom but drill” (22).…
Syntactic context helps an individual with figuring out the form and function of an unknown word. Identifying whether the word is a noun, verb, or another part of speech is determined by where the word is located. In addition to syntactic context, semantic context is another meaningful type of context clue and this “focuses on the various meanings interrelated in context” (580). In semantic context the other words throughout the sentence are used to help the reader comprehend the word that he or she is did not know. Syntactic and semantic contextual clues seem to go hand in hand because if a student understands what part of speech a word is, along with using the other words within the sentence, the meaning of the word will become much easier to pinpoint. Sentences at times are contradictory, so just knowing the meaning of the word is not compensating the student when it comes to understanding the meaning of the sentence as a whole. It is necessary for the students to understand the semantic context affiliated with the unknown…
The Chinese Room is a thought experiment developed by John Searle. Searle imagines himself in a room receiving pieces of paper inscribed with Chinese symbols through a slot. Searle himself does not understand any Chinese. Searle locates the set of symbols he receives in an English instruction book and then sends out the corresponding set of symbols representing a response as identified in the book back through the slot; similar to how a computer follows the instructions of its program. The person on the outside is inclined to believe that Searle himself understands Chinese when in fact all he is doing is receiving inputs, following instruction then providing outputs all the while understanding nothing of what is being discussed. Searle then carries this example into the realm of computers stating that for the same reasons…
He is just taking an input, following the instructions that he understands and producing an output using the rules given to him. He himself does not understand the story, the question or even his answers. Therefore, the first claim is false. The second claim, the belief that the program explains the human ability to understand, is also false. Searle argues against this claim because “a human will be able to follow the formal principles without understanding anything,” (Jacobsen, 149). Although it is true that a person following the same procedure as the man in the room will not be able to understand Chinese, I believe the claim to be false due to the fact that there is an entirely different process taking place in our minds. The claim was that the program explains how we understand and our ability to understand. Therefore, the program should explain the thought process that goes on inside our minds or at the very least, result in understanding if we were to go through the same process. Searle focused on the lack of recognition, but I will discuss the difference in the processes we go through to achieve it. Computers and people are different. Our minds are complicated, unique and can vary from person to person. A program cannot explain how people understand by using a completely different method from the one we use in addition to one that results in a lack of grasping the concept itself. Computers solve problems differently than we do and cannot explain the way we think. (Maybe make this paragraph into two…
Everyday life is characterized by conscious purpose. From reaching for food to designing an experiment, our actions are directed at goals. This purpose reveals itself partly in our conscious awareness and partly in the organization of our thoughts and actions. Cognition, as defined as "... the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired" (Shaffer et al., 2002), is the process involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. Much past and present theory has emphasized the parallels between the articulated prepositional structure of language and the structure of an internal code or 'language of thought '. In this paper I will discuss language and cognition and two famous theorists who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analyzing the process of cognitive development: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Jean Piaget was known for his establishment of the four major periods of cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky was the complement to Piaget 's theory with his sociocultural perspective on cognitive development. Both were keenly interested in the relationship of thinking and language learning.…
However, if instead of a room, one was in a robot whose different actions triggered different words, then eventually the symbols would begin to mean something. Searle makes the claim that this is irrelevant to the person in the room: no matter what triggers the word being given, all one receives is the symbol. There is no image to accompany it, as computers process symbols and nothing but symbols. Since there is no way to represent the context of the words in a way that is readable by a computer, anything but 0s and 1s, or, in this case, Chinese symbols, there is no way for the words to gain meaning. Thus, there must be something in thought that cannot be represented purely by…
Turkle, Sherry. “ How Computers Change the Way we Think” 9th ed. N.p. The Bedford Guide…
Traditionally, and by many still, a clear distinction is made between language and thought: Thought is the abstract processing of information within our minds, and language is the medium by which we are able to transfer this information. Benjamin Lee Whorf, however, argued that without language, thought cannot exist at all, and thus that such distinction is misleading. Expanding on this idea, he formulated “The Whorfian Hypothesis”.…
The first field of investigation, i.e. SDs and EMs, necessarily touches upon such general language problems as the aesthetic function of lan-guage, synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea, emotional colouring in languge,_the interrelation between language and thought, the individual manner of an author in making use of language and a number of other issues.…