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Derivatives
WP/09/254

Credit Derivatives: Systemic Risks and Policy Options
John Kiff, Jennifer Elliott, Elias Kazarian, Jodi Scarlata, and Carolyne Spackman

© 2009 International Monetary Fund

WP/09/254

IMF Working Paper Credit Derivatives: Systemic Risks and Policy Options? 1 Prepared by John Kiff, Jennifer Elliott, Elias Kazarian, Jodi Scarlata, and Carolyne Spackman Authorized for distribution by Karl Habermeier November 2009 Abstract This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.
The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.

Credit derivative markets are largely unregulated, but calls are increasingly being made for changes to this “hands off” stance, amidst concerns that they helped to fuel the current financial crisis, or that they could be a cause of the next one. The purpose of this paper is to address two basic questions: (i) do credit derivative markets increase systemic risk; and (ii) should they be regulated more closely, and if so, how and to what extent? The paper begins with a basic description of credit derivative markets and recent events, followed by an assessment of their recent association with systemic risk. It then reviews and evaluates some of the authorities’ proposed initiatives, and discusses some alternative directions that could be taken. JEL Classification Numbers: Keywords: Financial Derivatives, Financial Stability Author’s E-Mail Address: jkiff@imf.org, jelliott@imf.org, ekazarian@imf.org, and jscarlata@imf.org.

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This paper benefited greatly from comments from Jochen Andritzky, Charles Blitzer, Randall Dodd, Karl Habermeier, Matthew Jones, Laura Kodres, and Manmohan Singh.

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Contents

Page

I. Introduction



References: Bliss, Robert R., and George G. Kaufman, 2006, “Derivatives and Systemic Risk: Netting, Collateral, and Closeout,” Journal of Financial Stability 2, 55–70. Bliss, Robert R., and Robert S. Steigerwald, 2006, “Derivatives Clearing and Settlement: A Comparison of Central Counterparties and Alternative Structures,” Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives 4Q, 22–29. Buiter, Willem, 2009, “Derivatives and Attempted State Capture in Kazakhstan,” Financial Times, May 1. Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CPSS), 2007, “New Developments in Clearing and Settlement Arrangements for OTC Derivatives,” Bank for International Settlements, March. Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group (CRMPG), 2005, “Towards Greater Financial Stability: A Private Sector Perspective,” July 27. Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group (CRMPG), 2008, “Containing Systemic Risk: The Road to Reform,” August 6. Duffie, Darrell and Haoxiang Zhu, 2009, “Does a Central Counterparty Reduce Counterparty Risk?” Stanford University Working Paper, March 9. Duffie, Darrell, 2009, “Policy Issues Facing the Market for Credit Derivatives,” Stanford University unpublished paper. European Central Bank (ECB), 2001, “The Eurosystem’s Policy Line With Regard To Consolidation in Central Counterparty Clearing,” September 27. European Central Bank (ECB), 2007, “The Role of Central Counterparties,” July. Fitch Ratings, 2007, “CDx Survey—Market Volumes Continue Growing while New Concerns Emerge,” Fitch Ratings Credit Policy Special Report, July 16. Fitch Ratings, 2008, “Corporate CDS Market: Current Spread and Volume Trends,” Fitch Ratings Credit Policy Special Report, August 8. Grant, Jeremy, 2009, “LCH.Clearnet slashes Europe fees by a third,” Financial Times, April 30. Helwege, Jean, Samuel Maurer, Asani Sarkar, Yuan Wang, 2009, “Credit Default Swap Auctions,” Federal Reserve bank of New York Staff Report No. 372, May, 35 Hu, Henry T.C., and Bernard Black, 2008, “Debt and Hybrid Decoupling: An Overview,” The M&A Lawyer, April. International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2009, Global Financial Stability Report, World Economic and Financial Surveys, Washington, April. International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), 2009, “Unregulated Financial Markets and Products Consultation Report,” Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions, May. International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), 2000–08, “ISDA Operations Benchmarking Survey.” Various Issues. International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), 2007, “Counterparty Credit Exposure Among Major Derivative Dealers,” May. International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), 2009, “ISDA Launches Hardwiring Supplement and Protocol, Further Enhancing Consistency, Transparency and Liquidity in CDS,” ISDA Press Release, March 12. Markit, 2009a, “CDS Big Bang: Understanding the Changes to the Global CDS Contract and North American Conventions,” March 13. (http://www.markit.com/cds/announcements/resource/cds_big_bang.pdf) Markit, 2009b, “CDS Small Bang: Understanding the Global Contract & European Convention Changes,” July 20. (www.markit.com/cds/announcements/resource/cds_small_bang_07202009_upd.pdf) Markit, 2009c, “ISDA Announces Further CDS Market Practice Changes for Emerging Markets,” September 21. (http://www.isda.org/press/press092109.html) Markit, 2009d, “ISDA Announces Market Practice Changes for Asia CDS Markets,” September 21. (http://www.isda.org/press/press102909.html) Moody’s Investors Service (Moodys), 2008, “Credit Default Swaps: Market, Systemic, and Individual Firm Risks in Practice,” Moody’s Finance & Securities Special Comment, October. Singh, Manmohan, and James Aitken, 2009, “Deleveraging After Lehman—Evidence from Reduced Rehypothecation,” IMF Working Paper 09/42 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, March). Taksler, Glen, 2008, “Credit Default Swap Primer,” Bank of America Debt Research Credit Strategy, May 27.

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