Cincinnati Water & Air Pollution Plan

Cincinnati Water and Air Pollution Plan
April 1, 2007

Air and water pollution has long been a concern in the major cities of the United States but our concern should not end there. Other cities and even small towns are suffering from the effects of pollution. Cincinnati, Ohio is a city with very poor air and water quality from pollution so a plan is needed to reverse these effects and restore health to the ecosystem and human life. The term air pollution is used quite often, but what does it actually mean? Basically, it can be defined as the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in concentrations high enough to affect climate and harm organisms and materials (Miller, 2005). The air pollution in Cincinnati is photochemical smog, which is also called brown-air smog. Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC) under the influence of sunlight (Miller, 2005). There are several factors contributing to the photochemical smog over Cincinnati. Car exhaust, industry, coal-burning, gas-powered lawn equipment, paints and boats on the Ohio River are some of the major contributors with car exhaust contributing 44% alone. Oak trees in the surrounding hills emit high levels of VOCs which are ingredients in the development of the smog. Photochemical smog has many harmful effects to human health and the health of other living organisms but it also increases the rate of destruction of buildings, metals and rubbers. Water pollution in Cincinnati is just as harmful. The Ohio River ranks number three on the list of the most polluted waters in the United States. One of the pollutant sources is from Mill Creek which runs near Cincinnati and is highly industrialized. Wastes and toxins from factories and plants are dumped into Mill Creek contaminating the water which then flows into the already highly polluted Ohio River, which is also polluted from industry, agriculture and barges carrying coal, oil, wastes and chemicals. There are some naturally occurring prevention methods like rain, snow wind and cooler temperatures but these alone cannot put a stop to the severe air and water pollution in Cincinnati and its surrounding towns. Human intervention is needed and it is needed now. City, state and federal government programs need to be put into place to find and enforce solutions. To clean up the air in Cincinnati transportation planning and changes need to be implemented. New transit services, park-and rides and bicycle paths along with education would help lower emissions from vehicle exhaust. Using biodiesel as a fuel source in factories rather then burning coal would lower emissions as would funding more buses to be switched from burning old fuel sources to using an alternative fuel like biodiesel. Selectively replacing the large amount of oak tress in the surrounding hills with trees that emit lower levels of VOCs would also assist in reducing the photochemical smog over Cincinnati. Changing factories and companies to alternative energy sources, such as solar, would assist with air quality but these costs would be very high and difficult to enforce. We have options to clean up the water in Cincinnati also. The first is to clean up the air. Pollutants from the air are transferred to the ground and to the waterways by rain, snow and winds. By reducing air pollutants the first step is taken in reducing water pollution. Factories and plants that will find substitutes to the toxic chemicals they use can reduce the harmful effects to the water and air. Source reduction and recycling within the factories and plants would greatly reduce the wastes going into the waterways. Reusing the waste water that has been treated for irrigating crops would keep the wastes from being dumped directly into Mill Creek and the Ohio River. The most cost-effective and feasible solutions to reduce air and water pollution start with education and community involvement. To reduce air pollution car exhaust emissions must be dramatically reduced. Providing more public transport with vehicles using biodiesel and teaching the citizens of Cincinnati the benefits of public transportation along with replacing oak trees in the surrounding hills with trees that emit lower levels of VOCs air pollution can be reduced greatly. Parking garages and parking lots can be removed as a means of encouraging public transportation and replaced with parks that have organisms and plants that support the ecosystem and air quality. The best means of restoring water quality to Mill Creek is prevention of waste through source reduction. This would also be the most cost-effective strategy. Companies setting zero waste goals by reusing and recycling would assist in preventing these wastes that are washed into the waterways and make operational costs more efficient as well. By making pollution prevention as important as safety regulations and quality control regulations for companies these goals could be easily attained. Cincinnati, Ohio and Evansville, Indiana share similar water pollution issues as the Ohio River runs through both areas. The toxins from waste dumping in Cincinnati are washed down to the Evansville where soil erosion adds to the pollution. By following the strategies of reducing wastes in Cincinnati and preventing soil erosion through low impact development and smart growth in Evansville both communities can begin reducing pollution along the Ohio River and set an example for other communities to do the same. Cincinnati and Evansville both have high levels of air pollution but the sources differ. The main source of air pollution in Evansville is from utilities and the main source in Cincinnati is from vehicle exhaust. Both are dangerous to life and the ecosystem and both can be controlled through education and implementing plans that follow the 4-Rs of resource use: refuse, reduce, recycle and reuse (Miller, 2005). Air and water pollution affect our ecosystems and lives more dramatically then many citizens of the United States and citizens from all over the world are willing to admit. Lack of education plays a big role in this denial of the facts. By looking at the sources of pollution and finding effective means of reducing the pollution we can devise and put plans into effect, just as has been shown in this paper, to restore our cities, towns and ecosystems to a better quality of health and life.

References
Indiana Department of Environmental Management. (2007). Your Environment. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.in.gov/idem/your_environment/
Knight, S. (2007). Ohio- water sentinel. Sierra Club. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www.sierraclub.org/watersentinels/ohio/
Miller.(2005). Food and Soil Resources. Living in the Environment. (14th ed). Thomson Learning.
OKI. (2007). Air Quality Index. Ohio.Kentucky.Indiana Regional Council of
Governments. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www.oki.org/environment/cleanair.html
Schaefer, W. (2000). Mill Creek stream of contrasts. Cincinnati Enquirer,
April, 26, 2000. Retrieved March 30, 2007from http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2000/04/26/loc_mil_creek_stream_of.html
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Surf Your Watershed. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/surf/
Vanderburgh County. (2007). The City of Evansville, Indiana. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.evansvillegov.org/home/index.asp?page=4
Vanderburgh County Soil and Water Conservation District. (2003). Water Quality: We All Live Downstream. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://vandswcd.org/Water%20Quality.htm
Office of Compliance Assistance and Pollution Prevention. (2000). Pollution Prevention-
Getting Started. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www.epa.state.oh.us/opp/planning/fact5.html

References: Indiana Department of Environmental Management. (2007). Your Environment. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.in.gov/idem/your_environment/ Knight, S. (2007). Ohio- water sentinel. Sierra Club. Retrieved March 30, 2007 from http://www.sierraclub.org/watersentinels/ohio/ Miller.(2005). Food and Soil Resources. Living in the Environment. (14th ed). Thomson Learning. OKI. (2007). Air Quality Index. Ohio.Kentucky.Indiana Regional Council of Governments Schaefer, W. (2000). Mill Creek stream of contrasts. Cincinnati Enquirer, April, 26, 2000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Surf Your Watershed. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.epa.gov/surf/ Vanderburgh County. (2007). The City of Evansville, Indiana. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http://www.evansvillegov.org/home/index.asp?page=4 Vanderburgh County Soil and Water Conservation District. (2003). Water Quality: We All Live Downstream Office of Compliance Assistance and Pollution Prevention. (2000). Pollution Prevention- Getting Started