What cultural factors, if any, need to be considered when determining the appropriate response to the issues surrounding gender and sexual health in Latin America?…
In 1980 there has been reports of rare cases of cancer and pneumonia among Gay men in San Francisco and New York. By 1982 this became so prominent that the disease acquired nick names such as “gay cancer”, “gay compromise syndrome”, and “gay related immune deficiency”. In 1982 it had been referred to as AIDS for the first time in September of 1982 when there was an average of two reported cases per day. The disease was not just affecting homosexuals, but heterosexuals as well who had bad blood transfusions or use of infected needles.…
When the first case of HIV cases hit the United States in 1985 (Kellerman, 2006) the gay community had been hit hard by a disease it was just beginning to understand. Thousands of individuals had been infected with HIV, and many Americans believed the affliction to be wholly a “gay disease.” But as the years wore on it became apparent that anyone could be infected, and slowly this preconceived notion melted away as modern medicine perfected better ways to treat the virus and keep it from progressing into AIDS (Kates, 2004). With these new techniques, the death tolls slowly began to plummet and the stigma attached to the disease began to plummet. One of the primary reasons behind this has been the fact that certain age groups are passing the virus to unsuspecting sexual partners because they do not exhibit symptoms.…
Task 2.2 Explanation of how others in social networks may provide support to Richard and Sophie.…
From the begging the homosexual male and the gay community were rejected in America and have isolated themselves into this secret society separated from the norm of traditional heterosexual monogamy. These isolated communities centered on its erotophilic values have been forced to face a disease that does not discriminate and has become an epidemic. The HIV/AIDS virus has affected the gay community is such a way it has, “forced gay men to…
Compared to several other countries, including the United States, Portugal has taken a very liberal approach to addressing the drug problem in their country. In the early 2000's, Portugal moved to decriminalize all possession and use of drugs ranging from marijuana to heroin and cocaine. A lot of good has resulted from Portugal's progressive drug policy. At first, many were skeptical about whether or not this new policy would work, or if it would actually exacerbate the drug problem. People also claimed that the new drug policy would open the country to "drug tourists" further intensifying the issue. However, studies shortly after the enactment of this policy showed otherwise. In the first five years after personal possession was decriminalized,…
The colonization of America brought about many new ways of life: new living conditions, new skills to be learned, and new land to explore and settle. Relations with the natives provided food and basic skill sets, and it also paved the way for new colonists arriving in such a foreign land. However, life for colonists coming to settle America was no vacation. Depending on your family’s background and where you decided to settle, daily life was an adventure. In Virginia, rapscallions, who had never worked a day in their life, squandered their days drinking and gambling. New Hampshire set up actual town squares; churches, schools, town halls. Soon enough, however, a similar theme started to become more and more apparent as well as more and more concerning. Alcohol and excessive drinking became extremely prevalent in early Americans’ lives. There are many factors that led to such alcoholism, and many factors that led into the increasing numbers of Americans to embrace temperance. Taverns were believed, by the lower classes, to be nurseries of freedom. By the upper classes, they were believed to be seedbeds for rowdy, drunk, and subordinate colonists. Again, due to many factors, alcoholism witnessed an excessive peak as well as harsh opposition from temperance groups.…
“The first time I had sex everything was a complete mistake, from the guy and his awful personality to his lack of condom. The scariest part about the situation was about a month later waiting for my test results to see if I was one of the many who suffer with STD’s and STI’s on a daily basis. Fortunately, I was one of the lucky ones who received a clean bill of health, but many others are not so lucky” (Shinham 1). In fact, around 2007 there were about 33,200,000 cases of people in the world with AIDS and the number has only risen since (Park 525). The diagnosis of AIDS not only comes with a lifelong affliction but also a severe social stigma. Society…
There are many popular Spanish speaking countries in Latin America with Cuba being the largest island in the Caribbean. Found just off the coast of Florida, the communist country of Cuba has many crime issues which include a large commercial sex trade and drugs. The age of consent is 16 whereas it is 18 in the United States. Cuba is surrounded by countries used as cartel way stations. Latin American drug flows to the United States are shifting away from Mexico and toward the Caribbean.…
About 1.1 Americans are infected with HIV in the United States, and one in five does not know they are infected. Approximately 50,000 people become infected each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). MSM are at the highest risk for the blood disease, accounting for 61% of the blood disease diagnosis in 2009. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), “White MSM represent the largest number of new HIV infections (11,400) in the United States, followed closely by black MSM (10,800) and Hispanic MSM (6,000)” (p. 3). Gay men are still the highest population targeted for the blood disease.…
Due to the limited knowledge and resources to determine the origins of AIDS during that time, the gay community’s widespread panic did not stop the promiscuity of a number of them. Even then, the gay community were divided on the nature of the disease but also wants a solution. Today, awareness and…
The examples provided here illustrate that the experiences of homosexuals in South Africa are largely defined and dependent on the intersection of the various people’s identities within the social realm. This paper has shown the experiences and links between homosexual men who are poor, black and live in traditional societies, and that of white, Afrikaner men living in a heteronormative…
References: Herek, G., M. & Capitanio, J., P. (1997). AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: effects of direct and vicarious contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27 (1). O 'Hare, T., Williams, C., L. & Ezoviski, A. (1996). Fears of AIDS and homophobia: implications for direct practice and advocacy. Social Work, 41 (1) Borchert, J. & Rickabaugh, C. A. (1995). When illness is perceived as controllable: effects of gender and mode of transmission on AIDS related stigma. Sex Roles, 33 (9/10). Giblin, J., C. (1995). When Plague Strikes: the Black Death, Smallpox, AIDS. (117-187) New York: Harper Collins. Bishop, G., D., Alva, A., L., Cantu, L. & Rittiman, T., K. (1991). Responses to persons with AIDS: fear of contagion or stigma?. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21 (23) 1877-1888. Quam, M., D. (1990). The Sick Role, Stigma and Pollution: the Case of AIDS. In Feldman, D., A. (Ed.), Culture and AIDS. (pp. 29-43). New York: Praeger. Canadian Association of Social Workers. (1990). Preparing For HIV and AIDS: Resource Kit for Social Workers. Ottowa: Health and Welfare Canada. L 'Association des Medecines de Langue Francaise du Canada (Ed.). (1990). Le SIDA: un Nouveau Defi Medicale. (pp. 255-270). Ottowa/Quebec: Bibliotheque Nationale du Quebec & Bibliotheque Nationale du Canada. Beauger, M., Dupuy-Godin, M & Jumelle, Y. (1989). AIDS a clinical approach. The Social Worker. 57 (1).…
The first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States in the spring of 1981. By 1983 the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, had been isolated. Early in the U.S. HIV/AIDS pandemic, the role of substance abuse in the spread of AIDS was clearly established. Injection drug use (IDU) was identified as a direct route of HIV infection and transmission among injection drug users. The largest group of early AIDS cases comprised gay and bisexual men (referred to as men who have sex with men(or MSMs). Early cases of HIV infection that were sexually transmitted often were related to the use of alcohol and other substances, and the majority of these cases occurred in urban, educated, white MSMs.…
As a teenager growing up in my homeland Barbados, I have noticed that over the past years the issue of homosexuality among the youth locally has been a much debated topic. However, more recently this has become a very heated discussion among young people in Barbados. Many adults as well as the students have alluded to the idea, that homosexuality seems to be more widespread today than it ever was, or that the youth today are bolder with their sexual habits and are not afraid to make them public.…