To synthesize 4-methylcyclohexene from 4-methylcyclohexanol the starting material can be dehydrated resulting in the desired compound. For dehydration to be possible the OH group on the 4-methylcyclohexene must first be converted into H2O by means of an acid-base reaction using a strong acid catalyst such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. The H2O will then become the favored leaving group and leave on its own resulting in the formation of a carbocation in excess water. The water will remove the acidic hydrogen on the carbocation producing the desired alkene as well as regenerating the acid catalyst (fig. 2). A time effective way to collect the 4-methylcyclohexene is to heat the reaction to reflux as it is taking place. This allows the product to be separated from the starting materials by means of the boiling point discrepancy between the isolated alkene (101-102C) and the starting alcohol (171-173C). After the distillate is collected any impurities of water and phosphoric acid can be extracted by adding sodium chloride, drying the resulting organic layer with an anhydrous solid, and filtration. IR of both the starting alcohol and the resulting alkene can be compared as a means of identification and characterization as well as a Br2…
Purpose- This experiment illustrates the use of adol condensation for the synthesis of a five-membered carbocylic ring. It is also a good demonstration of the impact extended conjugation has on the absorption of visible light. The reactants are bright yellow in color while the products are a very deep purple color appearing almost black.…
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of…
About 1.55-g of benzil, 1.51-g of dibenzylketone and 12-mL of ethanol were placed in a 50-mL round bottom flask. A magnetic stir bar was also placed in the flask. A condenser was attached to the round bottom flask while the flask was placed in a 70oC hot water bath. The mixture was heated until all solids were dissolved. The temperature of the water bath was then heated to 80oC. A pasture pipet was used to add 2.25-mL of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution downward through the condenser and into the flask.…
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to carry out an extensive series of reactions based on…
3. Cool the flask in ice water and under the hood cautiously add 10.0 mL (89 mmol) of 48% aqueous hydrobromic acid. Then add your assigned volume of concentrated sulfuric acid.…
In order to perform this experiment, a distillation apparatus was assembled. 4.0mL of H3PO4 and 3.0mL of cyclohexanol was placed in the round-bottom flask as sell as 5 drops of H2SO4 and a magnetic stir bar. The flow of water was then started through the condenser and the reaction mixture was heated while the magnetic stir rod began stirring. Once distillation was complete and no more liquid distilled, or the thermometer rose above 85 degrees Celsius, the heat was turned off and the products were collected in a small test tube. Once cooled, what was left was an organic top layer and a bottom layer. A Pasteur pipette was used to remove the majority of the bottom layer and was placed into a separate labeled container. Placing .25g of anhydrous calcium chloride into the test tube dried the top organic layer which was then left to stand for 5 min. a clean 5-mL vial was weighed and using a Pasteur pipette, the liquid was removed from the test tube and transferred to the tared sample vial and weighed.…
b. Place small amounts of the substance to be tested in each of the four micro test tubes.…
3. Formation of water. (If the reaction is between an acid and a base it is called a neutralization reaction.)…
In Experiment 9, distillation was used to carry out the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol using 4:1 mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acid. Gas Chromatography was then used to measure the products. Two products were formed. The theoretical yield of the alkene mixture was 3.914 g. The actual yield of the mixture was 0.73 g. The percent yield for the reaction was 18.65%. Peak A had an area of 0.3 mm2 and a percentage of 4.6 %. Peak B had an area of 6.21 mm2 and a percentage of 95.39%.…
Explore the relationship between reactants producing a product and product breaking apart to its original reactant. Watch as both reactant and product reach a state of balance. No pressure greater than one another.…
The experiment is started by assembling a reflux apparatus with a 50 ml round bottom flask containing 5 ml of isopentyl alcohol, 7 ml of acetic acid, and 1 ml of sulfuric acid. It is essential to make sure that the solution is swirled immediately once the sulfuric acid is added. The mixture is then refluxed for 60 – 75 minutes. Once this is done, it is cooled to room temperature.…
Add 4-ethylphenol, sodium hydroxide, and a spin vane to 5 ml conical vial and heat…
11 A clamp was attached to the tube and the contents were heated to a boil over a Bunsen Burner until the solution was a pale pink color.…
Add an anti-bumping granule to the flask and set it up in the electric heating mantle with a reflux condenser fixed vertically to the top.…