Advocates that describe letting someone die as being more moral than killing someone often cite the trolley case as support for their argument‚ and use modus tollens. Where a trolley is coming down the track towards a group of five unsuspecting individuals‚ and you are in a position to pull a lever. Pulling the lever switches the tracks to just kill one unsuspecting person. Their argument is that if you pull the lever to switch the track to kill the one individual; then‚ by deciding who dies‚ you
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In Descartes Meditation I‚ he casts doubt as to whether or not we are dreaming. He first uses modus tollens to cast doubt to our senses. He then he uses redictio ad absurdum to show that even if we are dreaming‚ there are some things that are still real. Descartes begins with establishing the key idea of laying a strong foundation for his ideas. He acknowledges that he has preconceived ideas about the world in which he can doubt their truth. He sees this collection of ideas as a pyramid‚ where
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have fast cars. d) All fast cars consume a lot of petrol. Use predicate logic and inference rules to draw the conclusion “Reema’s car consumed a lot of petrol”. a. List any two knowledge representation techniques. b. Write Modus Ponens rule. c. Define disjunctive normal form with suitable example. 2. Consider given sentences: It is crime to steal Ram stole in exam Is Ram criminal? Write above sentences in First Order Predicate calculus and use resolution algorithm
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“Since there is no way of telling whether you are dreaming‚ there is no way of knowing anything about the external world.” Discuss. The radical sceptical hypothesis cited in the question above has been a source of epistemic frustration since the time of Plato‚ and has gripped philosophical interest through Sextus Empiricus‚ Michel de Montaign‚ up to Descartes whose Method of Doubt employs the most famous formulation of the Dreaming Argument‚ which goes from an unexceptional premise to the extraordinary
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1.If the earth moves around the sun‚ then we ought to observe a stellar parallax. 2.There is no observable stellar parallax. 3.Therefore‚ the earth does not move around the sun. The argument is valid (i.e.‚ modus tollens)‚ the first premise seems quite reasonable and the second premise was in fact true—no one before‚ during or for almost three centuries after Copernicus had Figure 8.9 216 common sense logic ever observed any stellar parallax. Yet‚ Copernicus had anticipated this objection and
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Question 1: What is Baxter’s Conclusion? Baxter’s conclusion is that the needs of man should dictate the state of nature. (People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution‚ William F. Baxter‚ 1974. Columbia University Press‚ New York. Page 383 All page citations below are from this source) Question 2: What are Baxter’s Premises? Baxter’s first premise is that there is no morally correct state of nature to which we should return (383). Baxter’s second premise is that present controversy over
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in the maximization of happiness of humans and extends this thought to the nonhuman inhabitants of Earth. Singer‚ believes that all animals should be granted moral status‚ similar to that of the human inhabitants. He presents his argument in a modus ponens form. His conclusion of‚ that nonhuman entities should be given the same amount of moral consideration as human entities is reached though his presentation of premises that if an entity can suffer‚ then its suffering must be given similar moral
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(151e-160e) and then criticises (160e-183c). Socrates eventually presents no fewer than eleven arguments‚ not all of which seem seriously intended‚ against the Protagorean and Heracleitean views. If any of these arguments hit its target‚ then by modus tollens D1 is also false. A more direct argument against D1 is eventually given at 184-7. In 187a10-e4‚ Theaetetus proposes a second definition of knowledge: (D2) "Knowledge is true belief." D2 provokes Socrates to ask: how can there be any such thing
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The Reid Technique is an accusatory style of interrogation police officers in the United States are taught to use in investigations. This technique is designed to produce confessions as opposed to gathering evidence in regards to specific crimes. There is a lot of controversy surrounding the nine step technique because of the manipulative nature it uses. Those who oppose the Reid Technique have valid reasons to be critical‚ while those who support it fail to see the fallacies it is based upon. The
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Critical Thinking – PHI 210 Student Course Guide Prerequisite: None Quarter Meeting Days/Time Instructor Instructor Phone Instructor E-mail Instructor Office Hours/Location Academic Office Phone Number Strayer Technical Support 1-877-642-2999 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Required Kirby‚ G. R.‚ & Goodpaster‚ J.R. (2007). Thinking: An interdisciplinary approach to critical and creative thought (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River‚ NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL — Supporting The
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