chronic atrophic gastritis‚ radiation exposure‚ and polpyposis syndromes. The vascular and lymphatic supply of the stomach allows for hematogenous spread of cancers affecting other parts of the body. There has been debate over the exact mechanism of metastasis of the tumor cells from the stomach‚ appendix or colon to the ovaries. Classically it was thought that direct seeding across the abdominal cavity accounted for the spread of this tumor‚ but spread by way of the lymphatic is now considered more
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what specific molecular mechanisms cause the cancer to turn severe (Yu et al. 2790). Prostate cancer grows through different stages such as the perinvasive period‚ the invasive stage and lastly androgen-independent or dependent stage leading to metastasis (Welsh et al. 5974) throughout the body. Furthermore‚ to fully understand the how and why behind prostate cancer is to efficiently study the gene expression and the biomarkers that are present at the time of the development of the cancer. Various
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Curcumin has been found to be a potent inhibitor of tumour growth and cell proliferation. This activity is linked to curcumin’s antioxidant effect and free radical scavenging effect (Akram et al‚ 2010). It inhibits cancer development and progression‚ thereby targeting multiple steps to malignancy. It has the ability to act like a blocking agent thereby inhibiting the initiation step of cancer by preventing the activation of carcinogen‚ and also as a suppressing agent thereby inhibiting malignant
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BACKGROUND • Docetaxel (Taxotere®)‚ formulated with ethanol and polysorbate 80‚ is amongst the most active and widely used cytotoxic agents for the treatment of several types of cancer. Docetaxel in combination with other drugs is still a very good option against also used in treating several additional cancer types. 1-4 • Nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension (NDLS‚ DoceAqualip) is a novel formulation recently approved in India for various solid tumors. It was developed to improve the safety profile
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Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine lesions which are derived from primitive stem cells in the gut wall‚ but they can be seen in other organs such as the lungs‚ mediastinum‚ thymus‚ and liver. Carcinoid tumors have a high potential for metastasis. These tumors vary in their presentation and depend on the location and size of the tumor. Ten percent of carcinoid tumors secrete serotonin‚ and these have signs that include periodic abdominal pain‚ cutaneous flushing (94% of patients present
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Staging Staging is clinical based on pelvic examination and may include an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)‚ Stage 0: Carcinoma in-situ (CIS). The basement membrane is intact. Stage 1: Spread limited to the cervix. This is the most common stage at diagnosis. Ia1: Invasion is ≤3 mm deep (minimally invasive) Ia2: Invasion is >3 but ≤5 mm deep (microinvasion) IB: Invasion is >5 mm deep (frank invasion) Stage II: Spread adjacent to the cervix IIa: Involves upper two thirds of vagina IIb: Invasion of the
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Leiomyosarcoma of the testis is a rare disease and only case reports (Level V Evidences) are available due to lack of clinical trial. Low grade tumour is manageable by early diagnosis and treatment by high inguinal orchidectomy while in high grade tumours‚ metastasis or recurrence‚ chemotherapy is advised. Text Introduction: Testicular cancers have good outcome due to potential of cure even in the presence of metastatic disease. In case of cancer progression or recurrence after initial chemotherapy
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The body is combined of more than millions of cells. Cancer starts from defects or mutation in DNA of one cell or a slight number of cells. Mutations can happen by chance when a cell is dividing‚ or by chemicals from outside of the body such as skin lotion or ultraviolet. In addition‚ skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cell which has many stages‚ and it may spread to other organs. As skin cancer cells grow‚ they can group together to form a tumor. It may take months or
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SIGNIFICANCE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-death in the world. In 2012‚ 782‚000 people were diagnosed and 95% mortality rate makes it the sixth most common cancer [1]. HCC in early stages is usually asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur they are usually mistaken for other liver diseases. Therefore‚ early diagnosis of HCC is extremely challenging. Surgical resection and liver transplant are the best treatment options for early stage HCC (BCLC stage 0 or A [2])
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reported that 8 out of 10 patients with skin cancer are suffering from BCC with more than 2 million new cases each year. Therefore a method needs to be developed that can detect BCC at the early stages to prevent late diagnosis of BCC which may lead to metastasis causing disabilities to patients and increasing treatment costs. In addition‚ BCC patients who have undergone surgery are still at risk for recurrence‚ especially when the surgery performed fails to
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