INTRODUCTION – NEED FOR BIO-FUELS The recent upheavals in the oil market leading to record oil prices‚ have again turned the world attention to alternative sources of energy. A number of them are being researched Nuclear energy‚ Hydrogen energy‚ Wind energy‚ Solar energy & Bio-energy. Use of nuclear energy and hydrogen energy for civilian purposes are in very nascent stages. Fuel cells are more promising‚ but they are yet to be put in commercial practice. Wind energy and solar energy
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acetate by direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. After refluxing there is an isolation procedure where excess acetic acid and remaining isopentyl alcohol are easily removed by extraction with sodium bicarbonate and water. The ester is then purified by simple distillation and the IR is then obtained. Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus‚ separatory funnel for isolation‚ vacuum filtration‚ and simple distillation. The reflux condenser
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20.0005g Weight of 3mL conical vial with crude ester product: 21.6993g Weight of crude ester product: 1.6988g Therefore‚ the crude % yield is: Crude % yield = (observed/theoretical)x100% = (1.6988g/2.9866g)x100% = 56.88% Discussion: The synthesized product‚ isopentyl acetate‚ is made by the reaction of isopentyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as the catalyzing agent. The crude ester produced in lab was isopentyl acetate‚ because
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skin. Salicylic acid is also a precursor to acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin. Acetylsalicylic acid (an ester derivative of salicylic acid) is much more commonly used than salicylic acid for pain relief‚ because the parent compound can irritate the lining of the stomach. In this experiment we synthesized salicylic acid from methyl salicylate. We converted the functional group known as an ester into a functional group known as a carboxylic acid. Methyl salicylate is also a botanical extract. It
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CHM 2211L October 22‚ 2014 Abstract Many esters are naturally occurring compounds that are responsible for the fragrance of fruits and flowers. Isopentyl Acetate is the compound responsible for the smell of bananas. However‚ when Isopentyl acetate is treated with H3O+ it will hydrolyze back into the carboxylic acid‚ which will change the fragrance. In this experiment 3.11g of Isopentyl Acetate were produced with a 51.92 percent yield. Introduction Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives in which
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acetylsalicylic acid by esterification. Introduction: A pleasant‚ often fruity‚ odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples‚ the odor of n-propyl acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopentyl acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An esterification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted
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augment the biosurfactant demand over the next six years. Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) was the largest consumed biosurfactant‚ accounting for 33.26% of the 344 kilo ton global market in 2013. Its superior properties in terms of foaming and stability as compared to other surfactants make it ideally suited for use in household detergents. Other key biosurfactants include Alkyl Polyglucosides (APG)‚ Sorbitan Esters and Sucrose Esters‚ with combined demand estimated at 115 kilo tons in 2013. The report
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA COURSE INFORMATION Confidential Code Course Level Credit Hours Contact Hours : : : : : CHM 556 Organic Chemistry II Degree 4 3 hr (Lecture) 3 hr (Practical) 3 Core CHM 456 Part Course Status Pre-requisite : : : Course Outcomes : Upon completion of this course‚ students should be able to: 1. Determine functional groups present in organic compounds using Infrared Spectroscopy and interpret Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra and relate the information to structural
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5 LIPIDS Sheena Grace Abainza (12-8116) Agatha Abella (12-8046) Danielle Quigao (12-8051) Jessa Mae Ramos (12-8049) February 15‚ 2013 CHEM42 (Biochemistry) Laboratory ABSTRACT This experiment was performed to enlighten the researcher about the different properties and characteristics of lipids including its solubility and its complexity with regards to its components. The test for solubility tagged along the aphorism “like dissolves
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Esterification is a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form an ester. Refluxing the two reactants with an acid catalyst forms the ester. Fischer Esterification was discovered in 1895 by the German chemist‚ Emily Fischer and Arthur Speier. The reaction is also sometimes known as Fischer-Speier Esterification. The major components of almost all natural flavors and odors are esters. These fragrant esters are formed by the Fischer Esterification reaction. Saponification is the
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