it tough to adhere to the lower VOC levels. Among the strict regulations that came into effect on 1 July 2002‚ an important one sets the limit of aromatics content at no more than 500 ppm (parts per million). The aromatics being limited include benzene‚ ethylbenzene‚ dimethylbenzene‚ toluene and mixed xylenes. Two mandatory state standards limiting the amount of the harmful substances in latex paint for walls and solvent-based polyurethane coatings for wood products were released towards end-2002
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BIOREMEDIATION INTRODUCTION:- The process of bioremediation was reportedly devised by George M Robinson in the 1960 during experimentation with dirty jars and the introduction of microbes this was however not applied until the 1972 clean out of the fuel holding tanks on the RMS queen mary. Science 1972 bioremediation has become greater developed as a means of cleaning up spills of gasoline diesel ‚ heavy metals and other easily degraded petroleum products (National Research Council 1993). Bioremediation
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simpler mixtures or pure substances by fractional distillation. During the refining of petroleum‚ one kind of hydrocarbon is often converted to another‚ more useful kind by cracking. Useful hydrocarbon mixtures include cooking gas‚ gasoline‚ naphtha‚ benzene‚ kerosene‚ paraffin‚ and lubricating oils. Many hydrocarbons are useful as fuels; they burn in air to form carbon dioxide and water. The hydrocarbons differ in chemical activity. The alkanes are unaffected by many common reagents‚ while the alkenes
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aromaticty. There are three possible positions on a benzene ring that a nucleophile could add to‚ referred to as the ortho‚ para‚ or meta positions. In this experiment‚ the nucleophile will primarily add into the meta position. This is because the starting material is methyl benzoate‚ as opposed to just benzene. The ester group of methyl benzoate is capable of participating in the resonance of the ring. This withdraws electron density from the benzene ring‚ and is said to be deactivating. Deactivating
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the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and they may cause anything from slight bronchial irritation to a fatal pulmonary edema. The second hazard we meet with in the dye industry is from the products formed by the action of mixed acid on the benzene series of
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a method used when a functional group is needed to be substituted on to an aromatic compound. In the nitration‚ nitronium ion acts as the electrophile that involves the attack of the electron-rich benzene ring. Aromatic substitution is electrophilic‚ due to the high density in benzene ring. Benzene ring is one of the components in most important natural products and other useful products. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive ion or the end of a dipole. Nitration is
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C5H10 + H2SO4 ==> C5H11.HSO4 For the aromatic hydrocarbon‚toluene doesn’t react with bromine water. This is because Br2 is electrophilic enough to attack double and triple bonds‚ but not electrophilic enough to attack the pi bond system of the benzene ring of toluene.For the reaction of between toluene and aqueous potassium manganate the reaction will change the toluene to benzanoic acid and the color of potassium manganate change from purple to slight purple Objective To compare the reaction
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both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons Crude oil: a complex mixture of hydrocarbons found in layers of rock beneath the earth’s surface Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: contain chains of carbon atoms that may be branched Aromatic Hydrocarbons: contain Benzene rings- rings of carbon atoms with delocalized electrons Alkanes all have different boiling points dependent on the length of the carbon chain in the molecule. The smaller chains ie. the most volatile hydrocarbons will leave at the top of the column
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UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY NAME: Maniwang‚ Ma. Aiza C. DATE: March 21‚ 2011 COURSE: BS Chemistry II APPROVED: ___________ PREPARATION OF AZO DYES ABSTRACT In this experiment‚ the azo dyes p-nitrobenzene azoresorcinol and methyl orange were prepared by the azo coupling reaction. The p-nitrobenzene azoresorcinol dye was prepared from p-nitroaniline and resorcinol. The diazonium salt formed was from the reaction of the cold solution of dissolved p-nitroaniline
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Industry Definition This industry comprises companies primarily engaged in the manufacture of petrochemicals which are chemicals derived from petroleum and natural gas. Key products include ethylene‚ propylene‚ butylenes‚ benzene‚ toluene‚ styrene‚ xylene‚ ethyl benzene and cumene. These are basic building blocks used in the production of a variety of products including consumer products‚ automotive components and various durable and non-durable goods. Report Contents Risk Overview
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