RELATIVE RATES OF ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION Juris Marie G. Garcia Institute of Chemistry‚ University of the Philippines‚ Diliman‚ Quezon City Date Performed: February 27‚ 2015 Date Submitted: March 13‚ 2015 Answers to Questions: 1.) Arrangement of Reactivity: (fastest to slowest) - Phenol‚ Nitrophenol‚ Acetanilide‚ Benzene‚ Chlorobenzene‚ Aniline - A reaction has occurred if there’s a change in color. The nature of the substituent‚ whether electron-donating to the ring or electron-withdrawing
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analgesic drug components‚ the relative strength of their polarities can be determined. For example‚ if a compound contains carboxylic acid‚ alcohol or amine functional groups‚ it should be very polar. If a compound contains ketone‚ aldehyde‚ ester‚ amide‚ or ether functional groups‚ it should be polar. Lastly‚ if a compound
Free Chromatography Thin layer chromatography
Introduction Aim The main aim of this experiment is to make fatty ethanolamine‚ which is lauric ethanolamine from 2-aminoethanol and lauric acid. The reactions that take place is observed and the percentage yield and melting point is recorded. In this report the procedures used and how the procedures work are explained systematically. Risk and hazards of the experiment were analyzed and are shown below. It was quite important as it ensured that the experiment was safe to carry out. The results
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The objective of this experiment was to synthesize indigo and azo dyes and use them to observe their effectiveness in dying natural fabrics. The results of the experiment are summarized below. Weights Starting materials: • Aniline-3-sulfonic acid: 0.493 g • Salicylic Acid: 0.398 g Azo Dye: 0.515 g % Yield: (actual/theoretical) x 100 • Actual 0.515 g • Theoretical: o Aniline-3-sulfonic acid: (0.493 g/173.19g/mol) = 0.00285 mol o Salicylic acid: (0.398 g/152.15 g/mol) = 0.00262 mol o Limiting Reagent:
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2.3 Amorphous forms‚ solid dispersions and cocrystals. Stable crystal forms of drugs pose problem in solubilization due to higher lattice energy. So‚ in regards to solubility‚ disordered amorphous forms provide distinct advantage over crystal forms. Hence‚ changing the solid state characteristics of pharmaceutical API renders the molecule more water soluble. But‚ excess of enthalpy‚ entropy and free energy of amorphous forms make them prone to crystallization leading to the formation of stable crystals43
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anhydride (C4H6O3) Acetanilide (C8H9NO) + acetic acid (C2H4O2) Results and Discussion: Amines can be treated (Acylated‚ adding a Carbonyl and losing a proton) using Acetic Anhydride as a source of an “Acyl” group to form an Amide. The Synthesis of Acetanilide (an Amide) through a Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (addition / elimination) reaction between Aniline (an Amine) is acting as the Nucleophile and an Acyl group from Acetic Anhydride acting as the Electrophile. The Mechanism: The desired
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polar due to the fact that it stayed closer to the stationary phase. Caffeine contains four amine groups that are extremely polar as a result of the hydrogen bond and amide functional group. Acetaminophen was found to be the second most polar analgesic drug tested. Acetaminophen contains a polar alcohol group on one side and amide group on the other but also includes non-polar functional groups that consisted of the benzene ring and methyl group. Acetylsalicylic acid low polarity results from only
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solution distributed to an area of greater vascularity leads to greater rate and degree of absorption. The final plasma concentration of a local anaesthetic is determined by the rate of tissue distribution and the rate of clearance of the drug69. Amide local anaesthetics are widely distributed in the tissues following systemic absorption. Metabolism and clearance: Metabolism occurs
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Preparation of N‚N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and its Identification by IR and NMR Spectroscopy Eim A. Chemist CHEM 304 July 10‚ 2005 INTRODUCTION N‚N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is the active ingredient in many insect repellants.1 In this experiment‚ DEET will be prepared from m-toluic acid through the intermediate acid chloride and then identified by its IR and proton NMR spectra. The overall reaction is a series of two acyl substitutions and is shown in Scheme 1 below: [pic] Scheme
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Experiment 1: TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs 1/23/2011 Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to test our knowledge and understanding of TLC analysis by having us do a TLC analysis of analgesics to figure out their main chemical components. Calculations: 1.) Rf = Distance spot traveled/ distance solvent traveled Results: Table 1: TLC Analysis Analgesic Drugs | Rf Value | Acetaminophen | 0.323 | Aspirin | 0.597 | Caffeine | 0.081 | Unknown 154 (Plate 1) | 0.081‚ 0.306‚ 0.597
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