Psychology of Intervention
PSYC 452- Dr. Wolff
EXAM 2 REVIEW SHEET 1. Describe the 4 major areas that developed behavior therapy and identify the major people associated with each.
Classical Conditioning * In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a conditioned stimulus * Pavlov
Operant Conditioning * Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce rewards or consequences * Skinner, Thorndike
Social-Learning Approach * Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individual’s behavior and the environment * Bandura’s Observational learning theory (e.g., Modeling)
Cognitive Psychology * Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as a client’s self-talk) as mediators of behavior change * Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis 2. Explain and give examples of positive/negative reinforcement, and positive/negative punishment.
* Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened. One of the easiest ways to remember positive reinforcement is to think of it as something being added. A child who fails to speak in school due to “selective mutism” may be rewarded for speaking with praise, treats, or special privileges. * Negative reinforcement a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort, either physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive stimuli before they happen. One of the best ways to remember negative reinforcement
EXAM 2 REVIEW SHEET 1. Describe the 4 major areas that developed behavior therapy and identify the major people associated with each.
Classical Conditioning * In classical conditioning certain respondent behaviors, such as knee jerks and salivation, are elicited from a conditioned stimulus * Pavlov
Operant Conditioning * Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce rewards or consequences * Skinner, Thorndike
Social-Learning Approach * Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individual’s behavior and the environment * Bandura’s Observational learning theory (e.g., Modeling)
Cognitive Psychology * Emphasizes cognitive processes and private events (such as a client’s self-talk) as mediators of behavior change * Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis 2. Explain and give examples of positive/negative reinforcement, and positive/negative punishment.
* Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened. One of the easiest ways to remember positive reinforcement is to think of it as something being added. A child who fails to speak in school due to “selective mutism” may be rewarded for speaking with praise, treats, or special privileges. * Negative reinforcement a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort, either physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive stimuli before they happen. One of the best ways to remember negative reinforcement