Prostate Cancer Model
Review Notes
Bone Met Models of Prostate Cancer
1. Natural history of prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men at an estimated 24% of all new cancer cases. Even though the 5-year survival rate of localized disease is close to 100%, the 5-year survival rate of metastatic disease is still very low at 30%. In advanced prostate cancer, metastasis occurs in distant organs such as the brain, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and bone. Particularly, 90% of patients with advanced prostate cancer present metastasis in the bone. Both localized and advanced prostate cancers do not respond to standard chemotherapeutic interventions and thus require alternative treatments. (is treatment of bone mets only palliative? If so, it can be said here) Metastasis of prostate cancer cells initially depends on the detachment of primary tumor cells and their migration to blood or lymphatic circulation. Not surprisingly, cell adhesion decreases as cancer cells begin to metastasize. …show more content…
The androgen receptor on prostate cancer cells is a nuclear receptor that is essential for cell growth and survival. As well, AR signalling contributes to metastasis by facilitating EMT. Advanced prostate cancers are initially treated with hormone deprivation therapies to curb prostate cancer progression, however the efficacy is limited to 2-3 years before cancer progresses to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, the androgen receptor signalling pathway has been reactivated and facilitates the continual expansion and metastasis of the tumour. This signalling axis can become dysregulated for a number of reasons including de novo androgen synthesis, overexpression of the AR, non-specific ligand recognition, or ligand-independent activation. As well, IL-6, Src and insulin-like growth factor pathways have been implicated in promoting androgen receptor-mediated gene expression in the absence of
Bone Met Models of Prostate Cancer
1. Natural history of prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men at an estimated 24% of all new cancer cases. Even though the 5-year survival rate of localized disease is close to 100%, the 5-year survival rate of metastatic disease is still very low at 30%. In advanced prostate cancer, metastasis occurs in distant organs such as the brain, liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and bone. Particularly, 90% of patients with advanced prostate cancer present metastasis in the bone. Both localized and advanced prostate cancers do not respond to standard chemotherapeutic interventions and thus require alternative treatments. (is treatment of bone mets only palliative? If so, it can be said here) Metastasis of prostate cancer cells initially depends on the detachment of primary tumor cells and their migration to blood or lymphatic circulation. Not surprisingly, cell adhesion decreases as cancer cells begin to metastasize. …show more content…
The androgen receptor on prostate cancer cells is a nuclear receptor that is essential for cell growth and survival. As well, AR signalling contributes to metastasis by facilitating EMT. Advanced prostate cancers are initially treated with hormone deprivation therapies to curb prostate cancer progression, however the efficacy is limited to 2-3 years before cancer progresses to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In CRPC, the androgen receptor signalling pathway has been reactivated and facilitates the continual expansion and metastasis of the tumour. This signalling axis can become dysregulated for a number of reasons including de novo androgen synthesis, overexpression of the AR, non-specific ligand recognition, or ligand-independent activation. As well, IL-6, Src and insulin-like growth factor pathways have been implicated in promoting androgen receptor-mediated gene expression in the absence of