Johannes Kepler's Heliocentric Theory

Johannes Kepler was a key figure during the Scientific Revolution and his work in astronomy provided the framework for modern astronomy and physics. Kepler is best-known for his laws of planetary motion. His laws of planetary motion improved upon Copernicus’s heliocentric theory by explaining how the speeds of the planets varied and by using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits. Kepler was born in the Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt on December 27th, 1571. Kepler was schooled at the Evangelical Seminary at Maulbronn. Kepler lived during the Protestant Reformation and as a result, he was schooled in theology so that he would be able to defend himself against the Catholic Church. After Maulbronn, Kepler attended the University
The Protestant Reformation can be seen as the deviation from the norm, the Catholic Church. As a result, it was possible for scientific thought to grow because the oppressive Catholic Church was weakened. In other words, Kepler did not have as many limitations as Copernicus did. Going against the Catholic Church during Copernicus’s time was so dangerous that he had to publish his heliocentric theory posthumously. During Kepler’s time, the Catholic Church was weaker and Kepler could publicly defend heliocentrism from both a theoretical and theological perspective. Even though the Catholic was weakened, it did not mean that the Catholic Church was insignificant militarily. The Catholic Church could still find dissenters so long as the monarch of the state was Catholic. After the Council of Trent, which happened before Kepler’s birth, the Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation. The two reformations clashed throughout Kepler’s life and the conflict culminated in the Thirty Years’ War, which occurred near the end of Kepler’s
The Renaissance period was characterized by the appearance of the bassoon and trombone, full triads, and the breakdown of the system of church modes. Renaissance music was characterized by music based on modes, rich texture in four or more parts, blending rather than contrasting strands in musical structure, and harmony with a greater concern for the flow and progression of chords. With the creation of tonality, the Renaissance period ended and the Baroque period began. The Baroque period led to more elaborate musical ornamentation such as grace notes and new instrumental plating techniques. This period established the opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto, and sonata as musical genres. It is also during this time that the viol family is supplanted by the violin family (violin, viola, cello, bass). A specific musical composition during the Baroque period was the Six Cello Suites for Unaccompanied Cello by J.S. Bach. The Cello Suites were composed between 1717 and 1723. The suites are rather unusual because they are simple and etude-like while other music of the time was complex and elaborate. Also the suites were composed for the unaccompanied cello and this is odd because the cello was created only 100 years prior to the composition of the first suite. Each suite is composed of a prelude, allemande, courante, sarabande, two minuets or two bourrées or two gavottes, and a final gigue. Bach’s