Reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of rest following extinction but without further reinforcement.…
Chapter 4 provides an examination of the mechanisms of classical conditioning. The chapter begins by presenting research about the factors that contribute to effective conditional and unconditional stimuli. These factors include stimulus novelty, intensity, salience and belongingness. Several models that attempt to characterize the nature of the conditional response are explored, and the effects of the US and CS on the CR are presented. Evidence supporting and contradicting the stimulus-substitution model, homeostatic models, and behavior systems theory is evaluated. Tests of S-R versus S-S learning are then presented. The chapter concludes by addressing the question of how conditioned and unconditioned stimuli become associated. The blocking effect is presented as an introduction to several models of associative learning including the Rescorla-Wagner model, attentional models, the temporal coding hypothesis, the relative waiting time hypothesis, and the comparator hypothesis.…
The results indicated that the rats were quickly conditioned, however they differed in their spontaneous recovery rates. The rats who were removed from the chamber for only an hour demonstrated the fastest spontaneous recovery time, followed by 72 hours, 3 hours and lastly 24 hours. Although, the rats conditioned at relatively similar rates and all had undergone extinction phases, those same rats differed when it came to spontaneous recovery. This study further highlights the importance of classical conditioning because the same organism can vary in spontaneous recovery time when both the neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimulus have been…
A.Arnie remembers his locker combination through the entire school year. By the end of summer vacation, however, he has forgotten it.…
|1. Jamie was talked into riding on the roller coaster |Terror ride |Fear |Coaster |Fear/cold sweat |…
Psychologists have suggested phobias develop as a consequence of conditioning, and many phobic’s can remember a specific episode which caused the onset of their phobia (Freud, 1909; Ost and Hugdahl, 1981). However, research suggests it is not necessary for a specific episode to occur to change behavior. Kirsch et al (2004) studied rats in a maze. They were left to explore before food was…
Eichenbaum, H. (2002) Learning and memory: brain systems. In: Squire, L.R. et al (eds). Fundamental Neuroscience. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science.…
Gallagher, M., Kapp, B., Musty, R., & Driscoll, P. (1977). Memory Formation: Evidence For A Specific Neurochemical System In The Amygdala. Science, 198(4315), 423-425.…
Habituation can be furthered described by several parametric features according to Thompson and Spencer (1966). The parametric features described represent a standard set of criteria for evaluating habituation across different species, tasks, or responses. The more the stimulus is presented, the less of a response produced. There exist explanations for the presence of habituation. Terry…
Zacks, R.T., Hasher, L., & Li, K.Z.H. (2000). Human memory. In F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse…
The facts of escape and avoidance are used more often than we think about. Escape learning is our flight or fight response telling us to flee from of a situation that is effecting us negatively. The experiment used in the book talks about rats and dogs getting an electric shock then fleeing into another chamber. But to make this more relatable for us students its like hanging out with friends who do scare pranks, you're sitting there minding your own busness then they scare the (please pardon the language) crap out of you so you jump away. Avoidance learning is when you learn to remove yourself from the possibility of pain. In the experiment with the rats and dogs the testers had awarning light that the animals learned to leave befor the shock…
Terry, W. S., (2009) Learning and memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon…
Antimicrobial agents are chemicals that are used against bacteria. There are many such agents available. Because there are many different situations where bacterial control is important, no antimicrobial agent is effective in all situations. For example, you wouldn't use the same compound to fight an ear infection as you would use to sterilize surfaces in an…
Mazes have been used to test spatial memory and learning in rodents and in past years virtual mazes have been used on humans to test learning and how people explore novel situations and make decisions based on stimuli that produce desired outcomes. For this experiment the basic goal is to obtain knowledge about trial and error learning in humans. I hypothesize that the participants will make fewer errors as they complete the trials. Based on a pervious study multiple trials allow a researcher to determine how an ability can develops and changes over trials and that the importance of tasks components fluctuates during the stages of learning (O'Neill, 1978). Which suggest that the repeated trail can help the participant develop and knowledge of the maze and make fewer errors.…
