Cocaine Metabolism
Metabolism
Figure 1 above is adapted from João M, et al (2012) the chromatographic methodologies for analysis of cocaine and its metabolites which, shows the metabolic pathway of cocaine administrated. Cocaine is largely metabolized into two major metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and two minor metabolites norcocaine (NCOC) and m- and p-hydroxycocaine (OH-COC) (Goldstein et al., 2009). Benzoylecgonine is primarily produce in the liver by human carbozylerstrase type 1, ecgonine methyl ester is formed in the liver by human carboylestrase type 2 and by pseudocholinestrase known as butyrlcholineetrase (Zhang & Foltz, 1990). Regarding to and m- and p-hydroxycocaine minor metabolite clear shows that cocaine is metabolise …show more content…
The reabsorption of water and active drugs occurs in the proximal tublue (ref). The excretion of cocaine are excreted primarily in the urine (ref). The chemical properties of cocaine is non-polar but ionisable at acidic pH by the urine pH. The ionized portion cannot diffuse back through the kidney tubule into the blood, therefore remains trapped in the urine and concentration by reabsorption of salt and water. This process of both of ion trapping and reabsorption of the concentration at the same time produces high amount of urine cocaine concentration than those con currently exciting in the blood. Hence when the level of urine concentration of cocaine can be found and detected of hours of administration in the urine and limited in test method in blood. High level of polar primary metabolites of benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester are excreted in the urinary …show more content…
This intended to reduce the use of cocaine by limiting the manufacture, distribution and use of cocaine for only medical purposes only, however did not specify limited the used for medical purposes and the forces was passed down to the united nations in 1945.
After the World War I the dangerous drug act in 1922 was introduce due to the increase problem of the opium and distribution. This Act prohibited the production, export of opium and preparations including cocaine. In addition the Dangerous poisoning act were included which prohibited any preparation for example, containing one- tenth per cent of cocaine and restricted the prescription of cocaine.
United Kingdom was force to introduce the misuse of Drug Act 1967 which was pressured by the united nation and United States. While the global international opium act dealt with the drug production and distribution than the punishment and crimination of drug abusers. The misuses of Drug implemented the penalties chargers and prohibits certain activities in supplying, manufacture and prescription of cocaine and other illicit drugs. This action allowed the police to have the power to stop and search and classifying illegal drugs into three classes A, B and
Figure 1 above is adapted from João M, et al (2012) the chromatographic methodologies for analysis of cocaine and its metabolites which, shows the metabolic pathway of cocaine administrated. Cocaine is largely metabolized into two major metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and two minor metabolites norcocaine (NCOC) and m- and p-hydroxycocaine (OH-COC) (Goldstein et al., 2009). Benzoylecgonine is primarily produce in the liver by human carbozylerstrase type 1, ecgonine methyl ester is formed in the liver by human carboylestrase type 2 and by pseudocholinestrase known as butyrlcholineetrase (Zhang & Foltz, 1990). Regarding to and m- and p-hydroxycocaine minor metabolite clear shows that cocaine is metabolise …show more content…
The reabsorption of water and active drugs occurs in the proximal tublue (ref). The excretion of cocaine are excreted primarily in the urine (ref). The chemical properties of cocaine is non-polar but ionisable at acidic pH by the urine pH. The ionized portion cannot diffuse back through the kidney tubule into the blood, therefore remains trapped in the urine and concentration by reabsorption of salt and water. This process of both of ion trapping and reabsorption of the concentration at the same time produces high amount of urine cocaine concentration than those con currently exciting in the blood. Hence when the level of urine concentration of cocaine can be found and detected of hours of administration in the urine and limited in test method in blood. High level of polar primary metabolites of benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester are excreted in the urinary …show more content…
This intended to reduce the use of cocaine by limiting the manufacture, distribution and use of cocaine for only medical purposes only, however did not specify limited the used for medical purposes and the forces was passed down to the united nations in 1945.
After the World War I the dangerous drug act in 1922 was introduce due to the increase problem of the opium and distribution. This Act prohibited the production, export of opium and preparations including cocaine. In addition the Dangerous poisoning act were included which prohibited any preparation for example, containing one- tenth per cent of cocaine and restricted the prescription of cocaine.
United Kingdom was force to introduce the misuse of Drug Act 1967 which was pressured by the united nation and United States. While the global international opium act dealt with the drug production and distribution than the punishment and crimination of drug abusers. The misuses of Drug implemented the penalties chargers and prohibits certain activities in supplying, manufacture and prescription of cocaine and other illicit drugs. This action allowed the police to have the power to stop and search and classifying illegal drugs into three classes A, B and