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Burnout
Burnout among care staff for older adults with dementia: The role of reciprocity, self-efficacy and organizational factors

Abstract
People working in the helping professions have been found to be vulnerable to the development of burnout and research has suggested a relationship between dementia care and burnout. Literature suggests that the development of burnout may be linked to a number of factors, including lack of reciprocity, low self-efficacy and organizational factors. The study will explore burnout in staff for older people with dementia and examined the roles of reciprocity,self-efficacy and organizational factors and aimed to identify which of these variables was the greatest predictor of burnout.76 members of staff in continuing care homes for people with dementia will complete self-report questionnaires. Data will be analyed using regression anlaysis and co relation.

Burnout
Burnout is a particular syndrome linked to the emotional strains experienced at work. The most widely accepted conceptualization originates from the work of Maslach and Jackson (1986), who consider burnout as an ongoing emotional state, typically characterized by the three dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Those working in helping professions such as teachers, social workers,and general practitioners have been found to be particularly vulnerable to burnout (Balloch, Pahl, & McLean 1998).

Dementia care staff and burnout
Dementia is a progressive disease, in which the individual’s cognitive impairment deteriorates over time; there is no cure and the individual will develop significant memory problems and progressively require more help with day-to-day life. It therefore comes as no surprise that family caregivers for people with dementia experience a great degree of stress which can result in negative health outcomes (Harper & Lund, 1990; Steffen & Magum, 2005). Family caregivers are faced with



References: Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual. (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Balloch, S., Pahl. J., & McLean, J. (1998). Working in the social services: Job satisfaction, stress and violence. British Journal of Social Work, 28, 329–350. Harper, S., & Lund, D. A. (1990). Wives, husbands, and daughters caring for institutionalized and non-institutionalized dementia patients: Towards a model of caregiver burden. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 30, 241–262. Steffen, A. M., & Magum, K. R. (2005). Distance-based skills training for depressed dementia family carers. Clinical Psychologist, 1, 1–10. Bledin, K. D., MacCarthy, B., Kuipers, L., & Woods, R. T. (1990). Daughters of people with dementia. Expressed emotion, strain and coping. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 221–227. Hepburn, K. W., Tornatore, J., Centre, B., & Ostwald, S. W. (2001). Dementia family caregiver training: Affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 49(4), 450–457. Tremont, G., Davis, J. R., & Bishop, D. S. (2006). Unique contribution of family functioning in caregivers of patients with mild to moderate dementia. Dementia &Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21(3), 170–174. Schaufeli,W. B.,Van Dierendonck, D., & Van Gorp, K. (1996). Burnout and reciprocity: Towards a dual level social exchange model. Work and Stress, 10, 225–237. Schaufeli,W. B. (1999). Burnout. In J. Firth-Cozens & R. Payne (Eds.). Stress in health professionals: Psychological and organisational causes and interventions. London: Wiley. Van Yperen, N. W. (1995). Communal orientation and the burnout syndrome among nurses: A replication and extension. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6(4), 338–354. Kop, N., Euwema. C., & Schaufeli,W. B. (1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work and Stress, 13(4), 326–340. Truchot, D., Keirseblick, L., & Meyer, S. (2000). Communal orientation may not buffer burnout, Psychological Reports, 86, 872–878. Van Horn, J. E., Schaufeli,W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2001). Lack of reciprocity among Dutch teachers: Validation of reciprocity indices and their relation to stress and wellbeing. Work and Stress, 15(3), 191–213. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. Gottileb, B. H., & Rooney, J. A. (2003). Validation of the RIS elder care self-efficacy scale. Canadian Journal of Aging, 22(1), 95–107. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609. Adali, E., Priami, M., Evagelou, H., Mougia,V., Ifanti, M., & Aleivizopoulos, G. (2003). Burnout in psychiatric nursing personnel in Greek hospitals. European Journal of Psychiatry,17(3), 173–181. Alarcon, J.,Vaz, F Baillon, S., Scothern, G., Neville, P. G., & Boyle, A. (1996). Factors that contribute to stress in care staff in residential homes for the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 11, 219–226. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mackenzie, C. S., & Peragine, G. (2003). Measuring and enhancing self-efficacy among professional caregivers of individuals with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 18(5), 291–298. Macpherson, R., Eastley, R. J., Richards, H., & Mian, I. H. (1994). Psychological distress among workers caring for the elderly

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