Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence
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"AI" redirects here. For other uses, see Ai (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Artificial intelligence (disambiguation).
Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".[4]
AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field 's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that a central ability of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"AI" redirects here. For other uses, see Ai (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Artificial intelligence (disambiguation).
Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".[4]
AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible approaches, on the use of widely differing tools and towards the accomplishment of particular applications.
The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field 's long term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others.
The field was founded on the claim that a central ability of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a
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What Computers Can 't Do. New York: MIT Press. ISBN 0-06-011082-1. Dreyfus, Hubert (1979) Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 0-02-908060-6. Dreyfus, Hubert (1992) Edelman, Gerald (23 November 2007). "Gerald Edelman – Neural Darwinism and Brain-based Devices". Talking Robots. Fearn, Nicholas (2007) Forster, Dion (2006). "Self validating consciousness in strong artificial intelligence: An African theological contribution". Pretoria: University of South Africa. Gladwell, Malcolm (2005) Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08153-9. Hawkins, Jeff; Blakeslee, Sandra (2005) Hofstadter, Douglas (1979). Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74502-7. Howe, J Kahneman, Daniel; Slovic, D.; Tversky, Amos (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. 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"Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence". Machine Intelligence 4: 463–502. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007. McCarthy, John (12 November 2007) Minsky, Marvin (1967). Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-165449-7. Minsky, Marvin (2006) Moravec, Hans (1976). "The Role of Raw Power in Intelligence". Retrieved 30 August 2007. Moravec, Hans (1988) NRC, (United States National Research Council) (1999). "Developments in Artificial Intelligence". Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research. National Academy Press. Needham, Joseph (1986) Newell, Allen; Simon, H. A. (1963). "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought". In Feigenbaum, E.A.; Feldman, J. Computers and Thought. New York: McGraw-Hill. Newell, Allen; Simon, H Nilsson, Nils (1983), "Artificial Intelligence Prepares for 2001", AI Magazine 1 (1) , Presidential Address to the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor 's New Mind: Concerning Computer, Minds and The Laws of Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851973-7. Searle, John (1980) Searle, John (1999). Mind, language and society. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04521-9. OCLC 231867665 43689264. Serenko, Alexander; Detlor, Brian (2004) Serenko, Alexander; Ruhi, Umar; Cocosila, Mihail (2007). "Unplanned effects of intelligent agents on Internet use: Social Informatics approach". AI and Society 21 (1–2): 141–166. doi:10.1007/s00146-006-0051-8. Shapiro, Stuart C Simon, H. A. (1965). The Shape of Automation for Men and Management. New York: Harper & Row. Skillings, Jonathan (3 July 2006) van der Walt, Christiaan; Bernard, Etienne (2006). "Data characteristics that determine classifier performance" (PDF). 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