Ap Psychology Chapter 5 Summary

Chapter Five: Learning
Classical Conditioning Definition of Learning - the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior Pavlov’s Conditioning Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov accidentally hit upon classical conditioning by studying digestive processes of dogs Trained the dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by presenting the sound just before food was brought into the room Eventually the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone Conditioning - the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning - the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus
Superstitious Behavior Tending to repeat a a behavior when something is closely followed by a reinforcer, even if it was not actually responsible for producing the reinforcement Nonhumans also exhibit superstitious behaviors Learned Helplessness - failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to an unavoidable painful stimuli Associated with many of the symptoms characteristic of depression Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning Response Acquisition - the “building phase” of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases, naturally occurring responses are attached to the conditioned stimulus by pairing that stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus Classical Conditioning Intermittent pairing - pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials Reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved Operant Conditioning Response acquisition refers to the phase of the learning process in which desired responses are followed by
Biofeedback - a technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps Latent learning - learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change Cognitive map - a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change Insight and Learning Sets Insight - learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem Learning set - the ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved Learning by Observing Social learning theory - a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner Observational (vicarious) learning - learning by observing other people’s behavior Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment - reinforcement or punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models Cognitive Learning in