Measurement of Threshold Stimulus 1. Dependent Variable: contraction force. 2. Independent Variable: stimulation voltage 3. Controlled Variables: temperature‚ frequency of stimulation and muscle fiber length. Effect of Muscle Length on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable: contraction force. 2. Independent Variable: muscle fiber length. 3. Controlled Variables: temperature‚ stimulation voltage‚ frequency of stimulation. Effect of Stimulation Frequency on Contraction 1. Dependent Variable: contraction
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Analysis‚” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery‚ vol. 6‚ no. 4‚ pp. 1671–81‚ October 1991. Comfort‚ R.‚ Gonzalez‚ M.‚ Mansoor‚ A.‚ Barker‚ P. P.‚ Short‚ T. A.‚ and Sundaram‚ A.‚ “Power Quality Impact of Distributed Generation: Effect on Steady State Voltage Regulation‚” PQA Conference‚ 2001. EEI‚ Distributed Resources Task Force Interconnection Study‚ Edison Electric Institute‚ 2000 (SQRA) Modeling for Optimizing Power System Configurations for the Digital Economy‚ Electric Power Research Institute‚ Palo
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convert any biodegradable substrate into electricity‚ making the technology a viable solution for sustainable waste treatment or autonomous power supply. However‚ the electric energy currently generated from MFCs is not directly usable due to the low voltage and current output. Moreover‚ the output power can fluctuate significantly according to the operating points‚ which makes stable harvest of energy difficult. This paper presents an MFC energy harvesting scheme using two layers of DC/DC converters
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Rheostat‚ Various Capacitors‚ Various Resistors‚ AC and DC Power Supply. Theory of Experiment: a) AMMETER Ammeters are employed for measuring current in a circuit and connected in series with the circuit. As ammeter is connected in series‚ the voltage drop across ammeter terminals should be as low as possible. This requires that the resistance of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of Ammeter has low current carrying capacity whereas the current to be measured may be quite
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These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports‚ and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good commonmode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero-inputvoltage value. In addition‚ the voltage reference input can be adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution. Typical Application Schematic • 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No Interfacing Logic Required •
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at 25°C is about 1 kilo-ohm. Op-amp A1 essentially works as I to V (current-to-voltage) converter and converts temperature variations into voltage variations. To amplify the change in voltage due to change in temperature‚ instrumentation amplifier formed by op-amps A2‚ A3 and A4 is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode D1 combination is used for generating reference voltage as we want to amplify only change in voltage due to the change in temperature. Op-amp µA741 (IC2) works as a comparator. One
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Electronics 1 See over for Question 1 QUESTION 1 The input current drawn for an ac source line connected to a power converter is indicated in figure Q1‚ together with the ac input voltage of the line to neutral of the supply. The current waveform is flat-topped quasi-square of amplitude 150A. The ac source voltage is given by v = Vmax sin ω t where Vmax is 340 V‚ ω = 2π f ‚ where f is the supply frequency‚ at 50 Hz. vs 150 A 120° 60° −150 A 75° 120° 60° is sec Figure
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transformers are used to transform voltage from a higher voltage to a lower voltage. Electric transformers can transform alternating current from one circuit into another through electromagnetic induction. This generally consists of ferromagnetic core and two or more coils called windings. It can either be a single-phase or a three-phase configuration. You have to remember certain specifications when searching for electrical transformers. These include: maximum secondary voltage rating‚ maximum secondary
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supply the number of generating units connected to a system busbar are varied suitably . The connection of an incoming alternator to system bus‚ ie; synchronization requires fulfillment of the condition like the same phase sequence equality of voltages and frequency between the incoming machine and frequency between the in coming machine and busbar. In order to order to overcome the 9 technical drawbacks of the conventional synchronization methods we can introduce a microprocessor based system
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c. a voltage multiplier d. a voltage divider e. none of the above 3. The circuit shown in Fig.1. is a : a. series clipper b. shunt clipper c. series clamper d. shunt clamper e. all of above Fig.1. 4. The maximum reverse bias potential that can be applied to a Zener diode before it enters the Zener region is called the: a. threshold voltage b. peak inverse voltage c. barrier voltage d. depletion voltage e. none of the above 5. In the Zener region‚ the current can increase a lot and the voltage across
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