Introduction This assignment focuses on the cost functions of the Dutch Railways. In this tutorial will be an estimated cost function developed for the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS). This cost function (expressed in Dutch Guilders) is based on the period of Year 1951 till Year 1993. This due to certain developments that made it more difficult to come to a good approach of a cost function. Based on the cost function‚ developed in this tutorial‚ there will be an answer provided on the question whether
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effect of the fee increase. Mr. Chatterjee is also considering a change in promotional expenditure. This currently amounts to 2% of total revenues and it is estimated that the promotional elasticity of demand is 0.1. It is also estimated that variable costs per student are Rs.60‚000. Questions 1. Why might Mr. Chatterjee’s estimates of the relevant price elasticity not be very reliable? 2. Estimate the effect of the proposed fee increase on the number of Indian student and revenues from these
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Health Care Cost Accounting A capitation payment arrangement can be an effective means to control healthcare costs because it allows both the insurer and the employer to predict costs for healthcare services more accurately. When a capitation payment method is used‚ the financial risk of caring for the patient is transferred to the medical delivery system. If the healthcare delivery system does not have a cost accounting system or the ability to develop cost information on each payer and service
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2 Cost Terms‚ Concepts‚ and Classifications Learning Objectives LO1. Identify and give examples of each of the three basic manufacturing cost categories. LO2. Distinguish between product costs and period costs and give examples of each. LO3. Prepare an income statement including calculation of the cost of goods sold. LO4. Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured. LO5. Understand the differences between variable costs and fixed costs
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Sales ($68 per unit × 410‚000 units) $27‚880‚000 Variable costs ($60 per unit × 410‚000 units) 24‚600‚000 Contribution margin $ 3‚280‚000 1b. Contribution margin (from above) $3‚280‚000 Fixed costs 1‚640‚000 Operating income $1‚640‚000 2a. Sales (from above) $27‚880‚000 Variable costs ($54 per unit × 410‚000 units) 22‚140‚000 Contribution margin $ 5‚740‚000 2b. Contribution margin $5‚740‚000 Fixed costs 5‚330‚000 Operating income $ 410‚000 3 Operating
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allocate service department costs to “production” or user departments‚ and ultimately to the products and services that they provide. For example‚ hospitals use sophisticated methods for allocating costs of service departments such as Housekeeping‚ Patient Admissions‚ and Medical Records to patient wards and outpatient services‚ and then to individual patients. Historically‚ these allocations were important to hospitals because Medicare reimbursement was based on actual costs. To the extent that the
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corporations have to take. Cost analysis is one of the factors that should be taken into consideration while evaluating financial and investment decisions. This paper reviews the concept of cost analysis‚ how it is used in decision making‚ and how firms usually involve cost analysis in evaluating different projects. Furthermore‚ the paper discusses some of the main concepts that are derived from cost analysis such as cost allocation‚ cost-effectiveness analysis‚ and cost-benefit analysis. In addition
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11. A total variance is best defined as the difference between total a. actual cost and total cost applied for the standard output of the period. b. standard cost and total cost applied to production. c. actual cost and total standard cost of the actual input of the period. d. actual cost and total cost applied for the actual output of the period. 12. The term “standard hours allowed” measures a. budgeted output at actual hours. b. budgeted output at standard hours. c. actual output
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Was the existing system adequate in the past? Why or why not? Why is it no longer adequate? The existing system was adequate in the past due to heavy reliance on direct labor hours. The ETO served as a central cost center‚ and transferred the costs to other divisions at direct costs plus allocated burden. Being in the late 1970s and early 1980s‚ technology testing of components required fewer cycles‚ and less complicated structures. Hence‚ such testing on products could be carried out by direct
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considered by many to be the best way to enhance customer satisfaction. Cost saving and improve productivity : Improving quality is the best way to reduce manufacturing costs and to increase productivity. → Bird-eye view : TI want to do their job right the first time. Their organizations treat strategic planning and quality improvement planning as an integrated activity. They want to find hidden quality costs and reduce hidden costs using COQ. 2) Reason of choosing a financial measure of quality
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