Abstract:The Wittig Reaction is a nucleophilic addition in which an alkene is formed as a product. Both the E and Z isomers of the alkene result. Substituents on the aromatic aldehyde affect the E/Z ratio of products that form. In this experiment‚ a nitro group was used as the substituent in the ortho‚ meta and para positions‚ with benzaldehyde as the control. Each of the four aldehydes reacted with (carbethoxymethylene) triphenylphosphorane to produce ethyl cinnamate‚ ethyl-3-(2-nitrophenyl)acrylate
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Applications of Differential Forms Maxwell Faraday and Maxwell Ampere Equations R. M. Kiehn (in preparation - last update 10/31/97) Physics Department‚ University of Houston‚ Houston‚ Texas Abstract: The topological universality of the Maxwell Faraday and Maxwell Ampere equations is an artifact of C2 differential forms on a domain of dimension n * 4. Starting with a 1-form of (electromagnetic) Action‚ the Maxwell Faraday equations become a consequence of the Poincare lemma. Starting from an
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Semiconductors are either solid or liquid material‚ able to conduct electricity at room temperature more readily than an insulator‚ but less easily than a metal. Electrical conductivity‚ which is the ability to conduct electrical current under the application of a voltage‚ has one of the widest ranges of values of any physical property of matter. Such metals as copper‚ silver‚ and aluminum are excellent conductors‚ but such insulators as diamond and glass are very poor conductors. At low temperatures
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Saponification and Acidification: From Nutmeg to Trimyrisitin to Sodium Myristate to Myrisitic Acid Mandy Boyle Chem 213‚ Section 002 Due Date: December 3‚ 2009 I. Introduction People encounter esters everyday in both natural and synthesized forms. Esters are present in a variety of common compounds‚ from fragrances to animal fat (McMurry‚ 2008). Although these esters can undergo many different important reactions‚ this lab is particularly interested in the hydrolysis of esters into carboxylic
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air is sucked out of the bulb to create a vacuum. It would also include a glass bulb‚ which is a base to help screw light bulbs into lamps and light fixtures‚ and last lead wires which carry electricity to the bulb from a power plant. (Wallace). If there was a piece of metal in a lightbulb‚ and if energy was passed through it‚ it would become hot enough to glow and then melt. A solution to the problem of it burning is to surround the inside with a vacuum‚ as nothing can burn without oxygen. The
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In Albert Camus’ short story "The Guest‚" Camus raises numerous philosophical questions. These are: does man have free will?‚ are an individual’s decisions affected by what society demands‚ expects‚ neither‚ or both?‚ and finally‚ how does moral and social obligation affect decision making? Balducci brings the Arab to Daru’s door‚ informing Daru that "I have an order to deliver the prisoner and I’m doing so‚" (90) thus freeing Balducci of the responsibility over wherever the Arab ultimately ended
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station‚ Sullivan told Ariail to go in and sit in the waiting room and distract the officer. When Sullivan went in she grabbed the vacuum and ran out the door‚ yelling at Ariail to come on as she ran. When they got back to the car‚ Sullivan told Ariail to try and sing and turned the vacuum on‚ and Ariail’s voice was returned back to her. Then‚ Sullivan destroyed the vacuum and threw it out the window‚ so the police couldn’t take any more voices away. Ariail sang and sang as much as she wanted‚ because
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Introduction Over the past century science‚ physics in particular‚ has developed beyond any reasonable expectation. Some of the best work was done by the great minds such as James Clerk Maxwell‚ Niels Bohr‚ Werner Heisenberg‚ Alexander Friedmann‚ etc. The list goes on but some of the best work was from Albert Einstein. Much of his work was done during the beginning of the 20th century and then later on he was joined by other great minds to form a new field in physics called cosmology. In 1905 Albert
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evolution of computers. Evolution of computer technology can be divided into five generations. First generation computer consisted of vacuum tubes and they were used from 1943-1958. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) computer is an example of first generation computer. Second generation (1959-1965) computer consisted of transistors i.e. vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Thus the size of the computer got reduced considerably. Third generation (1966-1973) computer consisted
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FOOD PRESERVATION 1.0 Definition Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or slow down spoilage (loss of quality‚ edibility or nutritional value) and thus allow for longer storage. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria‚ yeasts‚ fungi‚ and other micro-organisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria‚ or fungi to the food)‚ as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also include
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